Photon Model

If electrons are elementary according to the standard model how do they emit photons?

Are they in any sense composed of energy that can be divided into photons and would this make them any less "fundamental"? Does the photon's wavelike qualities impact the question?

You're probably talking about the Bohr model, and why it fails. When electrons gain energy, they become excited. They then rise to a higher orbital state because of this excitement up until a maximum level. Then, as they fall, they emit energy in the form of visible light. Photons are nothing more than energy; it has zero and unchangeable mass. Therefore, it is pure energy. I guess its wave-like qualities contribute to the fact that it does not behave like a real particle. Photons are not "made" by the electron; they are the result of the conversion the electron makes from heat energy to light energy. Electrons are still elementary particles; if anything, photons are not in the same elementary class as electrons. (particles divided into 2 classes: fermions and bosons). Because they fall into different classes, no one is more elementary than the other.

Terra Nova Equipment Laser Photon 2 Footprint $49.95 The Laser Photon 2 Footprint by Terra Nova is designed to protect your tent groundsheet from wear and tear, moisture and dirt, and are custom-fitted for each tent model.

Terra Nova Equipment Laser Photon 1 Footprint $49.95 The Laser Photon 1 Footprint by Terra Nova is designed to protect your tent groundsheet from wear and tear, moisture and dirt, and are custom-fitted for each tent model.

Photon $140.19 Photon, Special relativity, Light, Waveparticle duality, Squeezed coherent state, Uncertainty principle, Bose gas, Spinstatistics theorem, BoseEinstein statistics, Stimulated emission, Laser, Quantum field theory, Gauge theory, Quantum chromodynamics, Mass in special relativity, Group velocity, Photochemistry, Quantum optics Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 204 Publication Date: 2009/10/13 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.46 inches

Luxmo Mirror Screen Protector for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $10.37 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 screen protector features mirror design print. Made of PET plastic film, this screen protector protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with mirror screen protectorPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: N/ AMaterial: PET plastic filmModel: SPMOTMB855-MIncluded items: 1 x screen protectorDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.1 pound

Luxmo Diagonal Checker Rubber Coated Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $15.57 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features diagonal checker design print. Made of plastic with rubberized coating, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with diagonal checker design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: SmokeMaterial: Plastic with rubberized coatingModel: CRMOTMB855SMDLCKIncluded items: 1 x rubber coated caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

Luxmo Zebra Snap-on Protector Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $14.53 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features zebra design print. Made of durable plastic, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with zebra design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: Green, plumMaterial: Durable plasticModel: CAMOTMB855--ZIncluded items: 1 x snap-on protector caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

Luxmo Black Swirl Snap-on Protector Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $15.57 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features black swirl design print. Made of durable plastic, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with black swirl design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: N/ AMaterial: Durable plasticModel: CAMOTMB855PPBKSWIncluded items: 1 x snap-on protector caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

Luxmo Lace Snap-on Protector Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $16.61 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features lace design print. Made of durable plastic, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with lace design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: Black, purpleMaterial: Durable plasticModel: CAMOTMB855--LACEIncluded items: 1 x snap-on protector caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

Luxmo Pastel Checker Snap-on Protector Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $16.61 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features pastel checker design print. Made of durable plastic, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with pastel checker design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: PinkMaterial: Durable plasticModel: CAMOTMB855PKPTCKIncluded items: 1 x snap-on protector caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

Luxmo Checker Snap-on Protector Case for Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 $17.65 This Luxmo Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 protector case features checker design print. Made of durable plastic, this case protects your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 from dust and other damages.Personalize your Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855 with checker design coverPrecisely cut openings allow direct access to all buttons and portsEasy installation and removalBrand: LuxmoCompatibility: Motorola Photon 4G/ MB855Color: Blue, hot pinkMaterial: Durable plasticModel: CAMOTMB855--CKIncluded items: 1 x snap-on protector caseDimensions: 5.0 inches high x 2.6 inches wide x 0.5 inches deepWeight: 0.2 pound

double-slit photon model with photon-photon collisions 2/2

Solar Cells

A solar cell is a device which changes sunlight into electricity. A more technical term for a solar cell is a photovoltaic cell.

The term "photo" derives from the Greek word for "light," and the term "voltaic" comes from the word "volt" which means "electrical force." A "cell" is a small receptacle or container containing electrodes which generate power.

Thus, a photovoltaic cell is a container that creates electric force, through light.

Whereas a solar cell can generate electricity from any light source, its intended use is the collection of solar energy from the sun.

How a Solar Cell Works

The solar cell works as follows:

Photons (which are particles of light in sun rays) hit the surface of the solar cell and are absorbed a semiconductor, such as silicon.

These photons (bits of sunlight) knock electrons loose from the atoms inside the semiconductor. The photons then push the electrons along, leaving a "gap" in the atom. Another electron is then pulled from an adjacent atom to fill the gap. And so an electrical flow is generated.

The simplicity of this is that one atom has an extra electron, and the other atom is missing one. This is referred to as a "difference in potential." Nature, wanting to remain balanced, tries to even things out by pulling another electron from the neighboring atom.

A solar panel is comprised of a group of solar cells which are linked together to produce the desired amount of electrical energy.

A group of solar cells linked together can also be referred to as a "module." Thus the terms "solar panel," and "solar module," are synonymous to each other, and essentially mean the exact same thing. "Solar panel" is the more common term, and "solar module" is the technical term.

One can use solar panels individually or one can link several together in order to generate more electricity. When a group of solar panels are linked together, it is called a "solar array". The more solar panels are included in a solar array, the more power they produce.

Solar Power is a clean and virtually unlimited source of energy. I say "virtually unlimited" because the sun itself won't last forever. But we won't have to worry about that for the next few billion years.

Since solar power is a clean energy source which has been around for decades, one might wonder why its not used more. The answer to this lies partially in the cost of producing solar panels, as well as in the efficiency of the solar panels.

We are currently in the second generation of solar panel technology and verging on the third. A lot has changed since the first generation. Solar panels a are becoming a viable source of clean energy.

The solar cells of earlier times were relatively large and bulky compared to our current models. In view of the amount of energy and material required to produce them, and the amount of energy they actually produced, it was more costly to use solar energy than to use fossil fuels. The only exception was in places where little or no fossil fuels were available, such as in space.

With the second-generation solar cells, we attempted to tackle this exact problem. We attempted improve manufacturing techniques so as to reduce the costs, materials and energy needed for the production of solar cells.

Recently, major advances have been made in the production of solar cells, which have reduced production costs.

One contribution in this area was the development of techniques to coat glass or ceramic materials with very thin layers of semi-conductive substances. This made it possible to produce solar panels using only a fraction of the semi-conductive material that was required earlier. The production of solar panels using this second-generation technology is referred to as "Thin Film Technology."

Third-generation solar energy technologies are currently being researched and developed. The objective is to improve the power of solar cells even further (while keeping production costs to a minimum) in which case thirty to sixty percent of the sunlight hitting the panels will be converted into electricity. (Currently, solar panels convert only about twenty percent.)

But regardless of third generation solar technology, the second-generation solar cell is efficient enough to make solar technology viable - and a host of new solar-powered products have hit the consumer market.

Solar-powered calculators have been in use for a while now, we've all seen them. We have even seen a few other novelty devices. But only in the last few years have solar devices come into serious and practical use.

The last two years in particular have seen a virtual explosion of solar devices hitting the market. Solar flashlights (I've often wandered what use they were), solar-powered radios, and, recently, solar battery chargers.

One can also now find a wide range of portable solar chargers and panels, which are lightweight and easy to transport, yet capable of providing a decent amount of power in even the most remote locations. Solar chargers are becoming a standard part of wilderness survival kits and emergency preparedness kits.

All of this is a result of the developments in solar cell technology, and the coming of the Solar Age.

About the Author

Anna is the webmaster of Portable Solar Chargers, which is dedicated to helping people find the correct portable solar power devices to suit their needs, and Living Clean, where you can find further information about living in a less toxic world.