Modify Green Laser Output

Green Laser Pointer II $69.99 Okay, just about everyone has a red laser pointer. Heck, we even sell a fine one here at ThinkGeek. But, we're pretty sure you want to be a superior geek - and doing it with a green laser is the way to go. This pointer is significantly brighter (about 50 times) than a red laser pointer and because of its unusual color it is much more noticeable. I mean come on, a 532 nm green laser wavelength is obviously superior to a laughable 650 nm red laser wavelength. And unlike a red laser, the green beam itself can be seen in mid-air in dark conditions, not just the laser beam dot. This allows the green laser pointer to be used for pointing to star constellations (skypointing) and also just generally look cool as hell. The green laser beam dot can be seen at much greater distances than with a red laser pointer. Since green direct injection laser diodes aren't readily available, this pointer is based on the use of Diode Pumped Solid State Frequency Doubled (DPSSFD) laser technology. A high power IR laser diode at 808 nm pumps a tiny block of Nd:YVO4 generating light at 1,064 nm which feeds a KTP intracavity frequency doubler crystal to produce the green beam at 532 nm. Features of this unit include: Very bright green laser at 532 nm wavelength Output power of Range of approximately 9,000 ft (2600 m) in darkness 1.1 mm beam diameter at source Momentary push button switch Solid, heavy duty construction Constant wave output (as opposed to pulse output) Takes 2 "AAA" batteries (not included) Can be used for skypointing, projection on low clouds, signaling, highlighting potential explosives Dimensions: 5.6" x .5" dia 90-day warranty Available in Black or Silver color Interested in quantity discounts or custom logo imprinting? More info here. Warning: Green lasers are very powerful. Pointing at aircraft may land you in jail. Without a Monopoly card to get you back out. Use it wisely.

Green-Red Laser Pointer $59.99 Many people have a red laser pointer and some really cool people have the green laser pointer. But very few people have them both built into a single unit. Being the cutting edge geek that you are, we know you'll choose this dual output beauty. Why would you want to be like everybody else? The first laser pointer that projects a brilliant GREEN beam from one end and also a high-power RED beam. The GREEN beam is just as bright as other green pointers, range up to 2 miles in darkness, wavelength 532 nm. The green laser beam (not just the dot) is visible at night. The RED beam is the most powerful red laser allowed by the FDA, range 4000 ft in darkness. Power output Green Laser Specifications Output Mode - Constant wave Wavelength - 532 nm Batteries: 2 x AAA (included) Beam Dia. at Source - 1 mm Output Variance - 10% after 20 min. Body Color - Silver Beam Divergence - 1.2 mRad Output Power - Switch - Push Button Operating Lifetime - 2000 hours Class - IIIa Range 10,000 ft (3000m) in darkness Red Laser Specifications Wavelength - 650 nm Polarization - Linear (50:1) Batteries: 2 x AAA Beam Dia. at Source - 1 mm Output Variance - 5% after 20 min. Body Color - Silver Beam Divergence - 1.2 mRad Output Power - Switch - Push Button Operating Lifetime - 5000 hours Class - IIIa Range 4,000 ft (1300m) in darkness Dimensions - 6.8 in. long, 0.55 in. dia.

NcStar Green Laser $58.99 The Compact Green laser is an ultra bright and powerful green laser in a much smaller package than was available previously. The Weaver style mount will fit virtually any Weaver and Picatinny rails, making it possible to fit onto a wide variety of firearms. With precise windage and elevation adjustments, you will have a: quick, powerful, and precise laser aiming devise. With the supplied remote pressure switch, it gives you the flexibility to mount the laser anywhere on your firearm and be able to activate the laser when you want to. The laser is manufactured from aircraft quality anodized aluminum. Wavelength: 532 nm Maximum Output Power:

5mW Green Laser Pointer $8.49 Color: Green Laser Pointer Function: For Astronomers Output: 5mW Wave Length Range: 532nm Wave Length: 532nm Shape: Pen Shaped Material: Stainless Steel Power Supply: 2 x AAA Battery Operation Voltage(V): 1.5V Working Temperature (degree): 5 #8451;-45 #8451; Dimension(mm): 90 x13 Shipping Weight(Kg): 0.11​

NcStar Compact Flashlight/Green Laser $64.99 The Tactical Green Laser/Flashlight allows you to quickly switch back and forth from a Laser to a Flashlight by just changing the front assemblies. The Tactical Green Laser/Flashlight is a super bright green laser or a bright 30 lumens Flashlight. With a Quick Detachable Weaver style mount, you can quickly install and remove the powerful green laser or Flashlight in seconds and mount it onto virtually any of your firearms without the use of tools. Precise windage and elevation adjustments, keeps your shots on target! Constructed of solid anodized aluminum, this laser/flashlight is tough and can take a beating. Wavelength: 532 nm Maximum Output Power:

5mW Powerful Green Laser Pointer Pen $17.5 * High Power 5mW Green Laser Pointer* Ideal Gadget and Gift, Green Laser Pointer Pen* Power by 5mW Green Laser Diode* Laser Type: Green Laser* Laser Wavelength: 532nm* Output Power: 5mW* Pointing Range up to 3000 meters* No need to registered, Lasers with outputs over 5mW need to be registered with the FDA in the USA* . Batteries: 2 X AAA Size* For Skygazing, Presentation, School, Tutorial, Pointing and Office Meeting and Astronomers* Please do not direct point to the eyesPacking Includes:* 5mW Green Laser Pointer Pen* Gift Box

Green Laser Pointer Pen 5mW $15.39 Overview:Bright green laser pointerGreat for pointing at objects at a great distanceVisible green light beam cuts through darkness6,000-feet rangeEnergy-efficient, compact and reliableSpecifications:Max Output: lt;= 5mWWave Length: 532nmOutput wave: Continuous waveClass: Class 3A (Class 3A rated Samsung Laser Chip)Power: 2 x AAA battery (now included in the gift box)Time to reach full laser strength: 0 to 60 secondsComparison: About 2 times brighter than the 5mW green laserSpecification:Weight Approx:93gSize Approx:15 x 1.2 x 1.2 cm​

Laser Genetics ND5 Laser, Green, 5-Mile Visibility $347.94 BSA Laser Genetics ND5 laser Green laser with Linear Optical Collimator Adjustable beam diameter & intensity Micro beam (smallest diameter) is visible up to 5 miles for signaling or search/rescue ops Larger-diameter beams illuminate trails or paint objects up to 400 yds away Nitrogen-filled to prevent fogging Battery has 8 hrs of continuous use Made of high-tech aluminum Anodized matte black finish 532nm laser 20mW output Class 2M Uses 2 CR123V lithium batteries (included) 9.75"x2.25" 1.20 lbs. 45mm lens diameter 1-year manufacturer's warranty Includes 2 CR123A lithium batteries, cleaning kit & padded carrying case

Communicator Sotonic Green Laser Pointers $74.95 Communicator Sotonic Green Laser Pointers 30X brighter than red pointers 2,000 yard range Max power output 1mW Uses two "AAA" batteries (included) Includes metal gift case 0.6" x 5.9" Specs: Finish: Silver Laser Color: Green Range: 2000 Yards Length: 5.9" Diameter: 0.6" Shipping Weight: 1 lbs.

Stainless Steel Powerful 5mw Green Laser Pointer $26.99 Description:100% Brand New high quality Green Laser PointerHigh powerful green laser pointerContinuous wave laser appears double-bright than red lasersGreen Laser Pointer wavelength: 532nmMax output: 5mWOutput Mode: Constant WaveMetal body with silvery smooth finish - comfortable gripWith a black strip for more convenient to carryClick button Green Laser beam functionBatteries Type: CR2 3V 750mAhProfessional tool for astronomers, lectures, etc. Use your laser pointer to point at any desired targets on projection screens, video monitors, presentation graphics.Best choice of GIFTSize: 86mm (L) x 20mm (D)Weight: 175g

Computer Output to Laser Disc $73.28 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Computer Output to Laser Disc (COLD), now also called Enterprise Report Management (ERM), systems were used to capture, archive, store, and retrieve largevolume data such as accounting reports, loan records, inventories, shipping and receiving documents, and customer bills. These systems were typically implemented to replace paper creation and microfiche solutions. The term COLD has been superseded by the Enterprise Content Management Industry (AIIM), ANSI, and ISO with the term Enterprise Report Management (ERM). Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Tennoe, Mariam T./ Henssonow, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 88 Publication Date: 2010/11/17 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.21 inches

Laserglow Technologies Anser AllBlack green laser pointer $59.35 The Anser is Laserglow s latest addition to the green laser pointer lineup. The pointer does not include a pocket clip or any glossy finishes the flat black finish gives the Anser a tactical utilitarian look and feel. The Anser is our lowestpriced green laser pointer and comes in one power level a guaranteed 3 to 5mW. All of Laserglow s green laser pointers are IRfiltered for safety and employ APC technology to maintain constant output power. APC Automatic Power Control is a system that uses an optical feedback loop to ensure stable laser output.

Laser glow Technologies GAR175XXX Aries175 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $83497.84 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

Laser glow Technologies GAR050XXX Aries50 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $431.12 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

Laser glow Technologies GAR125XXX Aries125 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $68006.59 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

Laser glow Technologies GAR150XXX Aries150 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $729.47 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

Laser glow Technologies GAR020XXX Aries20 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $341.61 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

Laser glow Technologies GAR075XXX Aries75 Green Handheld Laser Pointer $52515.34 Laserglow s original portable green laser the Aries Series is built from the ground up for continuous highpower operation. When a laser pointer does not provide sufficient output power the Aries gives the same portability at power levels of up to 250mW at 532nm. The machined aluminum heat sink dissipates excess heat generated in the laser cavity and keeps the Aries running at a 100 duty cycle. Laserglow s Aries Series green portable lasers are IR filtered for safety and the output power is measured on each unit individually for a 10minute continuous period to ensure sustained performance. This test is done at least 3 times before being shipped to the customer.

5pcs/lot 50mw Green constellation Laser Pointer with brightly pattern + Free shipping $35 Star Laser pointer of Continuous Wave and continuous output. Distance:500-6000m,continuous output and working time over 5000hrs

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Picture Archiving And Communication System Pacs

I. Introduction
Timely management of medical imaging information is one of the greatest challenges facing medicine today. Patients with complex medical problems may require a large number of radiologic studies, which may be performed at physically separate locations; as a result, preexisting studies may be inadvertently duplicated. Simultaneous access to radiologic images may be needed for accurate interpretation. In addition, multiple physicians caning for a patient may want to review the images. As medical centers increase in size, illnesses increase in complexity, and the demand for rapid transfer of information increases accordingly, the capacity of film-based radiologic systems to meet these demands decreases. Films are often unavailable or lost, and film storage costs are relatively high. Systems designed to store images in computers and display them on high-resolution monitors have been developed over the past 10-12 years. These picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) attempt to overcome the limitations of film-based systems by providing economical storage, rapid retrieval of individual images, access to images acquired with multiple modalities, and simultaneous access to the same image at multiple sites. However, acceptance of this new technology has been limited by high capital costs, limited spatial resolution of the display monitors, limited spatial resolution of digitization modalities for projection radiography, slow image display (compared with that in film-based systems), and the need for system redundancy to provide backup in case of component failure. Most PACS in current use are prototypes intended for research, although recently some have been incorporated into segments of larger radiology department
PACS are computers or networks dedicated to the storage, retrieval, distribution and presentation of images. The medical images are stored in an independent format. The most common format for image storage is DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). Most PACSs handle images from various medical imaging instruments, including ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance (MR), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), endoscopy (ENDO), mammograms (MAMMO), digital radiography (DR), computed radiography (CR) etc.

II. Picture archiving and communication system

The principles of PACS were first discussed at meetings of radiologists in 1982. Various people are credited with the coinage of the term PACS. Cardiovascular radiologist Dr Andre Duerinckx reported in 1983 that he had first used the term in 1981. Dr Samuel Dwyer, though, credits Dr Judith M. Prewitt for introducing the term. Dr Harold Glass, a medical physicist working in London in the early 1990s secured UK Government funding and managed the project over many years which transformed Hammersmith Hospital in London as the first filmless hospital in the United Kingdom. Dr Glass died a few months after the project came live but is credited with being one of the pioneers of PACS Organizational techniques that enable small departments to function efficiently often fail as departments become larger. With the recent growth in imaging technology, the capacity of film-based systems to meet the increasing needs of radiology departments has decreased. Electronic PACS have been developed in an attempt to provide economical storage, rapid retrieval of images, access to images acquired with multiple modalities, and simultaneous access at multiplies sites. Input to a PACS may come from digital or analog sources (when the latter have been digitized). A PACS consists primarily of an image acquisition device (an electronic gateway to the system), data management system (a specialized computer system that controls the flow of information on the network), image storage devices (both short- and long-term archives), transmission network (which serves local on wide areas), display stations (which include a computer, text monitor, image monitors, and a user interface), and devices to produce hard-copy images (currently, a multiformat or laser camera). The goals of PACS are to improve operational efficiency while maintaining or improving diagnostic ability. A. Image Acquisition Modules
An image acquisition device is an electronic gateway to the PACS and may be an analog-to-digital converter or device that passes along digital information from a digital imaging device. The number of acquisition modules necessary for a PACS to function varies with the system and is based on its size and the mix of analog and digital input devices.

B. Data Management System
The data management system is a specialized computer that controls the
network, image storage devices, and image acquisition devices in order to maintain orderly traffic flow in the system. This computer manages patient information and images as well as the associated reports. The data management system must provide short- and long-term archiving capabilities. Usually, the short-term archive employs magnetic media, and the long-term archive employs optical media. The short-term anchive has low capacity but is frequently used (ie, high utilization), whereas the long-term archive has high capacity and low utilization.

C. Transmission Network
Data for images, text, and system commands are transmitted over networks serving local or wide areas. The network medium could be a twisted-pain wire, coaxial cable, on fibenoptic cable. A variety of network topologies (eg, star) are available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition, several
communication protocols (eg, transmission control protocol/internet protocol [TCP/IP]) exist for managing the information on the network. These protocols provide instructions on how data will be moved on the network.

D. Image Display Stations
Image display stations are the principal area of physician interface with a PACS. A display station includes a computer with local stunage, a text monitor, a variable number of image monitors, and a user interface. A display station that can duplicate the full range of tasks, speed of display, and spatial resolution available with film systems has not yet been constructed. In fact, the cost of creating such
a station would be formidable. To help minimize the potential costs, studies have been undertaken to determine the minimal spatial and contrast resolution necessary to perform a variety of imaging tasks. This information may then be used to create a series of workstations with different levels of sophistication so that appropriate equipment may be selected for the task at hand.

E. Hard-Copy Devices
Although the major mode of storage and display with a PACS is electronic, provision must also be made for creating a conventional im age on x-ray film. Multiformat cameras on laser cameras are currently the most common way of meeting this demand.

F. Interfaces to Other Systems
To function properly, the image management system must interface with other patient care management systems. These include but need not be limited to a radiology information system (IllS) and a hospital information system (HIS). The goals of interfacing the PACS to an RIS and an HIS are to maintain data integrity across the global system and to optimize the performance of each component system by using only the specific data needed fon each. The 1115 provides basic patient histories, reporting of results, and collection of data for department management. The HIS manages the demographic standards and distributes patient care information throughout the medical center.

III. A Radiologic Picture Archiving and Communication System for a Coronary Care Unit
I chose the radiologic picture archiving and communication system for a coronary care unit (CCU) at a 700-bed teaching hospital ,as an example in my project for PACS. The major components of this PACS module are located in the Radiology Department and are shared with the Pediatric Radiology PACS. An important design goal was to create a system in which acquisition, routing, and management of patients' image data are accomplished with minimal operator intervention. The automatic acquisition of images is achieved through linkage of a computed radiography (CR) unit, FCR-1 01 (Fuji Photo Film, Kanagawa, Japan) to an external host, VAX-i i /750 minicomputer (Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, MA.) These two components are integrated through an interface unit that was developed in-house. The host computer is used to manage the processing and flow of data from creation, storage, and archive to display.
Under normal conditions, the only manual operation required for data input and subsequent management of the data base is the entry of the patient's name, hospital identification (ID) number, and hospital section code at the CR console. This task is performed by the X-ray technologist at the time the imaging plate is processed. Once this is completed, the remainder of the process is fully automated. The software that is resident on the host computer detects the incoming imaging plate and initiates the data transfer from the CR unit. The hospital section code is used to route the image to an appropriate data base (in this case, the CCU data base). The raw image data acquired at 2048 x 2048 x 8 bit resolution are reformatted into the standard image file structure defined for the
PACS and then archived. Subsequently, the image file is subsampled to 51 2 x 51 2 x 8 bit resolution for display purposes and the patient directory is updated to include the new entry. Active patient images are stored on magnetic disk for rapid access. Forty-five megabytes of disk space have been allocated for the CCU data base, which provides a maximum of 180 images on-line. The images are also automatically archived to an optical disk library unit manufactured by Filenet Costa Mesa, CA) and Hitachi (Tokyo, Japan). When a patient is selected at the user terminal in the CCU, the image files are loaded on a Gould 1P8500 image processor (Fremont, CA), and the video output signals are transmitted in real-time to the CCU via a broadband network. Three channels are multiplexed with Blonder-Tongue video modulators (Oldbridge, NJ) operating with 8-MHz bandwidths. The viewing station in the CCU consists of three 13-in. (30-cm) diagonal, 5i 2-line display monitors (Panasonic Industrial Company, Secaucus, NJ) and a VT-i 00 terminal for user interface.

A. User Interface
The user interacts with the system through a VT-i 00 terminal keypad. A directory of patients and various image manipulation functions are provided in a menu format. In a typical viewing session, the clinician first selects a patient from the alphabetic active-patient directory. The terminal prompts the user to wait while the data base is searched. Images appear on the three monitors in reverse chronological order, starting with the most recent image (Fig. 2). The information appearing at the bottom portion of the image includes the patient's name and hospital identification number, as well as the date and time of image acquisition. At this point, the viewer may return to the directory, view more images of the current patient, or apply an image manipulation function. The image manipulation functions include zoom (by pixel replication), mean-and-window, grayscale inversion, left-right reversal, and image rotation.

B. Data Bases
The data bases use the indexed sequential access method (ISAM) files. The record for the patient data base contains information such as the patient's name, hospital identification number, number of images acquired to date, and the image code, which is issued automatically when the patient is entered into the data base for the first time. The image code also serves as the primary key for the image data-base record, which provides information associated with the individual image file, including the date of acquisition, procedure, current location of the image (magnetic disk, optical disk, or both), and the volume and physical address of the optical disk archive. The images are deleted from the magnetic disk according to a probability algorithm that determines which images are least likely to be reviewed.
For a returning patient, the most recent image is retrieved.
automatically from the optical disk library for comparison purposes.

C. Clinical Operation
The CCU is one of the largest intensive care units in the hospital. It is located five floors above and 1000 ft. (300 m) away from the Radiology Department. This busy unit has an average daily occupancy of 25.9 patients, and the average duration of stay in the unit is 4.4 days. During their stay in the CCU, 72% of patients have at least one chest radiograph. On the average, 10 chest examinations are performed each day, about half of them with a mobile unit. Because use of the mobile unit is often indicative of the critical condition of the patient, a protocol has been established to make these images (about five examinations per day) immediately available to the CCU physicians through the digital viewing system. Traditionally, in order to view films, the physician would have to walk to the Radiology Department to check out the patient's film jacket, a procedure that can be quite time-consuming. After a month long preclinical trial, the system was released to the CCU physicians for their use. The system was available at all times, and physicians could choose between the film-based viewing system and the digital viewing system. The decision to release the system for clinical use without restriction was based on the premise that the functionality of a computer-based system ought to be defined and evaluated within the normal task environment. The usage and performance of the system were logged into a file to provide (1) the name and hospital identification number of the patient reviewed, (2) the date and time of viewing, (3) image manipulation function(s) used, (4) the identification of the image manipulated, and (5) the speed of various operations.

IV. DICOM Images
DICOM stands for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. Its standard was created by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to aid the distribution and viewing of medical images, such as CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound. Part 10 of the standard describes a file format for the distribution of images. This format is an extension of the older NEMA standard. Most people refer to image files which are compliant with Part 10 of the DICOM standard as DICOM format files. A single DICOM file contains both a header (which stores information about the patient's name, the type of scan, image dimensions, etc), as well as all of the image data (which can contain information in three dimensions). This is different from the popular Analyze format, which stores the image data in one file (*.img) and the header data in another file (*.hdr). Another difference between DICOM and Analyze is that the DICOM image data can be compressed (encapsulated) to reduce the image size. Files can be compressed using lossy or lossless variants of the JPEG format, as well as a lossless Run-Length Encoding format (which is identical to the packed-bits compression found in some TIFF format images).

A. The DICOM header
The below Image shows a hypothetical DICOM image file. In this example, the first 794 bytes are used for a DICOM format header, which describes the image dimensions and retains other text information about the scan. The size of this header varies depending on how much header information is stored. Here, the header defines an image which has the dimensions 109x91x2 voxels, with a data resolution of 1 byte per voxel (so the total image size will be 19838). The image data follows the header information (the header and the image data are stored in the same file).Furthermore, the DICOM header is shown. The DICOM requires a 128-byte preamble (these 128 bytes are usually all set to zero), followed by the letters 'D', 'I', 'C', 'M'. This is followed by the header information, which is organized in 'groups'. For example, the group 0002hex is the file meta information group, and (in the example on the left) contains 3 elements: one defines the group length, one stores the file version and the third stores the transfer syntax.
The DICOM elements required depends on the image type. For example, this image modality is 'MR' (see group : element 0008:0060), so it should have elements to describe the MRI echo time. The absence of this information in this image is a violation of the DICOM standard. In practice, most DICOM format viewers (including MRIcro and ezDICOM) do not check for the presence of most of these elements, extracting only the header information which describes the image size.
The NEMA standard preceded DICOM, and the structure is very similar, with many of the same elements. The main difference is that the NEMA format does not have the 128-byte data offset buffer or the lead characters 'DICM'. In addition, NEMA did not explicitly define multi-frame(3D) images, so element 0028,0008 was not present.
Of particular importance is group : element 0002:0010. This defines the 'Transfer Syntax Unique Identification'. This value reports the structure of the image data, revealing whether the data has been compressed. Note that many DICOM viewers can only handle uncompressed raw data. DICOM images can be compressed both by the common lossy JPEG compression scheme (where some high frequency information is lost) as well as a lossless JPEG scheme that is rarely seen outside of medical imaging (this is the original and rare Huffman lossless JPEG, not the more recent and efficient JPEG-LS algorithm). Note that as well as reporting the compression technique (if any), the Transfer Syntax UID also reports the byte order for raw data. Different computers store integer values differently, so called 'big endian' and 'little endian' ordering. Consider a 16-bit integer with the value 257: the most significant byte stores the value 01 (=255), while the least significant byte stores the value 02. Some computers would save this value as 01:02, while others will store it as 02:01. Therefore, for data with more than 8-bits per sample, a DICOM viewer may need to swap the byte-order of the data to match the ordering used by your computer.
In addition to the Transfer Syntax UID, the image is also specified by the Samples Per Pixel (0028:0002), Photometric Interpretation (0028:0004), the Bits Allocated (0028:0100). For most MRI and CT images, the photometric interpretation is a continuous monochrome (e.g. typically depicted with pixels in grayscale). In DICOM, these monochrome images are given a photometric interpretation of 'MONOCHROME1' (low values=bright, high values=dim) or 'MONOCHROME2' (low values=dark, high values=bright). However, many ultrasound images and medical photographs include color, and these are described by different photometric interpretations (e.g. Palette, RGB, CMYK, YBR, etc). Some color images (e.g. RGB) store 3-samples per pixel (one each for red, green and blue), while monochrome and paletted images typically store only one sample per image. Each images store 8-bits (256 levels) or 16-bits per sample (65,535 levels), though some scanners save data in 12-bit or 32-bit resolution. So a RGB image that stores 3 samples per pixel at 8-bits per can potentially describe 16 million colors' (256 cubed).

B. ezDICOM
The ezDICOM is a software that is easy to use, mature (stable, few if any bugs) and can view a wide range of medical images including proprietary formats as well as images in the DICOM standard. For example, In addition, most free DICOM viewers only read a small subset of the DICOM images available, while ezDICOM can view a broad range of images. In addition to DICOM images, the software will automatically recognize and display Analyze, GE (LX, Genesis), Interfile, Siemens (Magnetom, Somatom) and NEMA images. The greatest strength of ezDICOM is that it is free and open source. There are many variations of medical images 'in the wild' - many of these are poorly or incorrectly documented. By being free, ezDICOM has developed a wide user base, and this ensures the quality of the code. Thousands of people have used ezDICOM and sent in unusual and rare images, and the code is now mature and able to read virtually all the popular medical images.

Therefore, the users are the most important strength of this software. It is important to acknowledge the many people who shared their images with the developers. The advantage of being open source is that programmers can modify and improve the code if they want. The project was started by Wolfgang Krug and has been expanded and maintained by Chris Rorden. Development was particularly aided by Earl F. Glynn's general programming tutorials and David Clunie's medical imaging FAQ. This software is covered by the BSD open source license. You can distribute both compiled projects and the source code. However, you should also distribute the license (the compiled standalone program makes this easy: the license is built into the 'about' window). The license also notes that the software is provided 'as is', use it at your own risk. This software attempts to reproduce medical images accurately. However, it is not designed for clinical use: computer monitors can vary tremendously in image quality. All grayscale images are rendered in 256-levels of gray.
The standalone ezDICOM for windows program is a basic but useful tool for viewing medical images. This software will run on computers with Windows 95 or later and requires less than 300 Kb of disk space. To view an image, you simply drag and drop the image onto the program (or you can choose 'Open...' from the 'File' menu). Despite the ease of use, ezDICOM has a number of powerful features. For example, you can set the brightness and contrast of an image with great precision. You can also animate images that have multiple slices (e.g. see a heart beating over time or see different depths into the brain). The ezDICOM standalone application [version 1, release 19] is free software and is distributed as a compressed zip file - simply extract the files and double click on ezDICOM.exe. Delphi source code is also included, and a personal edition of this compiler is available for free.

D. DCM2JPG console application
DCM2JPG is a simple command-line Windows program. If you drop a file on the program it will create a JPEG version of the file (alternatively, if you name the program 'dcm2png.exe' or 'dcm2bmp.exe' it will create PNG or BMP format images). You can also call the program from the command line, to do special functions like change the image brightness or contrast (most grayscale DICOM images have much higher precision than can be saved to standard bitmap formats). Another nice feature is the ability to create nice zoomed versions of DICOM images - e.g. save a 128x128 pixel image as a 192x192 pixel bitmap (scaling is done using a bilinear-interpolation method to reduce any jaggy edges). Both a compiled program and the (ezDICOM-based) source code can be downloaded from the internet. The program has some command as follows:
 b Brightness [window center]: a,h,-9999..9999 for auto, header, custom default: auto
 c Contrast [window width]: a,h,0..9999 for auto, header, custom default: auto
 -f Format of Output: b,p,j, txtfor bmp, png, jpg, txt default: jpg
 -o Output Directory, e.g. 'C:TEMP' default: source directory
 -s Silent [errors not reported]: y,n for yes or no default: no
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 -z Zoom of Output, e.g. ''1.5'' for 150% zoom default: 1.0

V. Conclusion
This report gave brief description about Picture archiving and communication system PACs. It explains its setup components and how it works through an example of a Radiologic Picture Archiving and Communication System for a Coronary Care Unit. It show also the format of the file extension of the image of the PACs and how it can be shown in ezDICOM software. However, output format of the ezDICOM is can be converted easily to other format according to the requirements such as jpg by using simple software called DCM2JPG console application. It is really interesting in this life to see how science affected the life of the human being.

About the Author

• Senior Telecommunication Specialist in Arab National Bank (ANB).
• B.S Electrical Engineering in 1997 from King Fahd university of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM). 
• KFUPM MBA in 2002.