Led Light Emitting Diode Circuit

What does V(C-E)(SAT) for a phototransistor mean?

I came across a data sheet for a IR phototransistor that listed the collector-to-emitter saturation voltage as 0.8V, under test conditions of 100mA and 2.5mW/cm^2 luminosity
. I don't understand how this works, as I have measured voltages of 2V and 3V over it.
It is being used in a circuit in series with a 5V battery, a 470ohm resistor and a forward-biased LED, and receives light from a IR Emitter diode in a seperate circuit. When the IR diode is emitting, the V(c-e) for the phototransistor is around 3V.

It would be great if someone could explain what it means or its application to me.
Thank you!

It means the following:
- if the incident light on the transistor is 2.5mW/cm2
- and the transistor is polarized such that there are 100mA flowing from C to E
then the voltage from C to E is 0.8V.
If you are measuring 3V from C to E, the transistor is not fully conducting. This could mean that you are not shining enough light on it.

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LEDs (light emitting diodes)

Electricity/ LED PROBLEM???

Okay i need to use Light Emitting Diode's in a science project so i bought some from the source and the package said 20 A on it... i brought them home and tried to use them... i first tried with a 6C battery and nothing happened... i think it was dead but it worked in my flashlight... i then tried a 9 volt battery and it sparked a yellow -orangish glow for a fraction of a second... it then never worker again.. it flashed like that with 5 other bulbs and with other batteries (AA, AAA) nothing happened at all... can you tell me how i can make it actually go on and not jus spark... i used a simple circuit with alligater clip/ wires and an LED... PLEASE HELP

You need to put a resistor in series with the LED to reduce the current flowing through the circuit. (Connect one terminal of the resistor to the battery and the other to the LED. Connect the other LED terminal to the opposite side of the battery.)

Let V = the voltage of the batteries you connect,
R = the resistance of the resistor you add, and
I = the current desired.

Then, you need a resistor approximately R = V / I. (Ohm's Law)

If you purchase red LEDs, then they typically have resistors built into them (check the packaging though) which let you use them connected directly to a common battery. If you continue to just hook the LED to the battery, you will likely damage the LED.