Double Diode Limiter

Manley ELOP Limiter $2970 Set it and forget it! The Manley Optical ELOP Limiter makes your job easy. The principle of operation is based around using a rectified sample of the audio to shine an LED (Light Emitting Diode) onto an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). The photo-resistor in combination with a fixed resistor simply act as a changing voltage divider to attenuate the signal &mdash like a smart volume control. A similar principle was found in the older Teletronix & Urei LA-2A, LA-3, and LA-4 units, which used a slower electro-luminescent panel-light on a conventional LDR encased in a light-tight enclosure. The Manley ELOP Limiter uses modern VACTROL technology (but with a trick!) for exact sample-to-sample tracking and no high frequency loss while digging deep into limiting &mdash problems commonly associated with older LA-series limiters and other opto-based units. The audio signal passes only through Manley's super-clean single-ended vacuum tube line amplifier. Due to its inherently quick attack, this Electro-Optical Limiter is a skilled soldier for tracking vocals or individual instruments, although now with the addition of a very useful sidechain high-pass filter that can switch between 100Hz or 200Hz (or OUT) to allow the limiter to ignore heavy bass lines, the Manley ELOP limiter is proving more useful for modern urban music where you don't want the limiter only responding to the loudest "thing" i.e., the BIG bass. If you want the bass line to leave the rest of the mix alone, then this switch is for you!

Langevin Stereo Elop Limiter $1620 Set it and forget it! The Langevin Stereo-Optical ELOP Limiter makes your job easy. The principle of operation is based around using a rectified sample of the audio to shine an LED (Light Emitting Diode) onto an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). The photo-resistor in combination with a fixed resistor simply act as a changing voltage divider to attenuate the signal &mdash like a smart volume control. A similar principle was found in the older Teletronix & Urei LA-2A, LA-3, and LA-4 units, which used a slower electro-luminescent panel-light on a conventional LDR encased in a light-tight enclosure. Manley uses modern VACTROL technology (but with a trick!) for exact sample-to-sample tracking and no high-frequency loss while digging deep into limiting &mdash problems commonly associated with older LA-series limiters and other opto-based units. The Langevin limiter's audio signal passes only through Manley's super-clean single-ended vacuum tube line amplifier. Each channel can be run separately or switched to "stereo &mdash link ". Due to its inherently quick attack, this Electro-Optical Limiter is a skilled soldier for tracking vocals or individual instruments, although now with the addition of a very useful sidechain high-pass filter that can switch between 100Hz or 200Hz (or OUT) to allow the limiter to ignore heavy bass lines, the ELOP limiter is proving more useful for modern urban music where you don't want the limiter only responding to the loudest "thing" i.e., the BIG bass. If you want the bass line to leave the rest of the mix alone, then this switch is for you! ALL-DISCRETE audio path Balanced XLR inputs & outputs Unbalanced 1/4" inputs & outputs Silent conductive plastic input attenuators Max. Gain reduction 22db Attack time: 10ms for 6db GR Release: 2.5 seconds for 6db GR BYPASS switches Sifam VU METERS Meters switch to read OUTPUT or REDUCTION STEREO LINK switch

Manley Elop Limiter $2970 Set it and forget it! The Manley Optical ELOP Limiter makes your job easy. The principle of operation is based around using a rectified sample of the audio to shine an LED (Light Emitting Diode) onto an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). The photo-resistor in combination with a fixed resistor simply act as a changing voltage divider to attenuate the signal &mdash like a smart volume control. A similar principle was found in the older Teletronix & Urei LA-2A, LA-3, and LA-4 units, which used a slower electro-luminescent panel-light on a conventional LDR encased in a light-tight enclosure. The Manley ELOP Limiter uses modern VACTROL technology (but with a trick!) for exact sample-to-sample tracking and no high frequency loss while digging deep into limiting &mdash problems commonly associated with older LA-series limiters and other opto-based units. The audio signal passes only through Manley's super-clean single-ended vacuum tube line amplifier. Due to its inherently quick attack, this Electro-Optical Limiter is a skilled soldier for tracking vocals or individual instruments, although now with the addition of a very useful sidechain high-pass filter that can switch between 100Hz or 200Hz (or OUT) to allow the limiter to ignore heavy bass lines, the Manley ELOP limiter is proving more useful for modern urban music where you don't want the limiter only responding to the loudest "thing" i.e., the BIG bass. If you want the bass line to leave the rest of the mix alone, then this switch is for you!All-tube audio path 12au7wa + 6414 per ch.Unbalanced " inputs and outputs andBalanced transformer coupled XLR inputs and outputsHi-current drive

Bark Limiter Collar Strap(Pack of 1) $47.83 Bark Limiter Collar Strap - This collar strap is 3/4 inch wide and 30 inches long with a square double buckle and a metal collar keeper. - It may be trimmed to any length. This strap will fit only the Bark Limiter.

Radial Engineering Komit Compressor Limiter $499.99 The Radial Komit Compressor Limiter is one of the eight modules designed to be comprise the Radial Workhorse Rack and Mixer System that combines the popular 500 series platform with an incredibly flexible patching system to let you create the ultimate studio environment. The Radial Komit is a feature-rich compressor-limiter that simplifies the process of dynamic manipulation while expanding upon creative tone shaping. At one end is a super-clean compressor that delivers amazing results with single knob control. At the other, an old-school diode bridge clipping limiter goes from 'vintage to nasty'. But don't let the minimalist approach deter; the Komit provides exceptional flexibility by integrating a series of automatic functions that are both musical and intuitive.The design begins with an auto-detecting feed-forward VCA that reads the incoming program material and reacts 'real-time' to the time constant. Set the 3-position attack-decay switch to slow for vocals, medium for instruments and fast for percussion. As you increase the ratio, the Komit FlexKnee compression dynamically adjusts the pivot point, seamlessly transitioning from soft to hard knee for more natural results. Yet unlike most limiters that are designed to be transparent, the Komit Clipper is designed to introduce personality to your recordings. The Clipper simulates the sound created by old-school diode bridge circuits from the early days of radio. These clip the input signal when they exceed the headroom. Same deal only here, you are in complete control. Ten settings are graduated from mild harmonic overload to extreme nasty. Think of Nine Inch Nails.To ensure absolute signal integrity, full size discrete electronics are employed throughout while the vintage style Hammond broadcast transformers add extra warmth to the signal path. A variable level control provides gain make-up or can be used to drive the Clipper for added distortion. Dual ballistic VU metering makes it easy to simultaneously view compression and output when making adjustments. Designed for use with all 500 series racks, the Komit can be linked for full stereo operation. When used with the Radial Workhorse, the Omniport is assigned as a key input for frequency dependent compression, de-essing, ducking or any number of dynamic manipulation effects.Applications:Channel StripThe Komit is the ideal compressor to compliment a 'gold' channel strip. Feed the mic into a PowerPre, an EQ and the Komit can keep dynamics under control for more professional results. Stereo programThe Komit can be set to stereo mode by linking two Komits together. This is great for mastering. And even though the two units will share the same time constant, independent compression retains the full stereo image. DuckingUse the key input (via the Omniport on the Workhorse) to automatically duck a guitar track (lower the level) when the vocalist begins to sing. Simply connect the TRS output from the PowerPre into the Omniport key input.Single dial

Black Lion Audio AGB Compressor Limiter $1199 Black Lion Audio introduces another member of the BLA product line; the Black Lion Audio AGB Compressor Limiter . An homage to the venerable Neve 33609, the AGB is a two-channel diode compressor and limiter housed in a 2U rack mount chassis. Imagine a quick, responsive, low noise compressor with powerful control features. The AGB Compressor does everything from smooth and easy compression to weird rhythmic clicks to funky envelope tricks. It's insanely fast and doesn't choke when you really push it. Strap it across your drum bus and smash away. Give your snare a nice, dense crack. Use it for program material. The slower attack mode is great for vocals. Whatever you use it on, you'll find it does the job well, and without raising the noise floor. So where does their design differ from the original? For one, the signal path is a fully balanced, opamp-based circuit. Rotary potentiometers are used instead of stepped potentiometers, giving you more control over things like input level and attack time. Like the original, the Black Lion AGB uses input, interstage, and output transformers.

RPM Limiter $279.99 RPM Limiter; Hyfire; External;

Used Radial Engineering Komit Compressor Limiter $454.99 The Radial Komit Compressor Limiter is one of the eight modules designed to be comprise the Radial Workhorse Rack and Mixer System that combines the popular 500 series platform with an incredibly flexible patching system to let you create the ultimate studio environment. The Radial Komit is a feature-rich compressor-limiter that simplifies the process of dynamic manipulation while expanding upon creative tone shaping. At one end is a super-clean compressor that delivers amazing results with single knob control. At the other, an old-school diode bridge clipping limiter goes from 'vintage to nasty'. But don't let the minimalist approach deter; the Komit provides exceptional flexibility by integrating a series of automatic functions that are both musical and intuitive.The design begins with an auto-detecting feed-forward VCA that reads the incoming program material and reacts 'real-time' to the time constant. Set the 3-position attack-decay switch to slow for vocals, medium for instruments and fast for percussion. As you increase the ratio, the Komit FlexKnee compression dynamically adjusts the pivot point, seamlessly transitioning from soft to hard knee for more natural results. Yet unlike most limiters that are designed to be transparent, the Komit Clipper is designed to introduce personality to your recordings. The Clipper simulates the sound created by old-school diode bridge circuits from the early days of radio. These clip the input signal when they exceed the headroom. Same deal only here, you are in complete control. Ten settings are graduated from mild harmonic overload to extreme nasty. Think of Nine Inch Nails.To ensure absolute signal integrity, full size discrete electronics are employed throughout while the vintage style Hammond broadcast transformers add extra warmth to the signal path. A variable level control provides gain make-up or can be used to drive the Clipper for added distortion. Dual ballistic VU metering makes it easy to simultaneously view compression and output when making adjustments. Designed for use with all 500 series racks, the Komit can be linked for full stereo operation. When used with the Radial Workhorse, the Omniport is assigned as a key input for frequency dependent compression, de-essing, ducking or any number of dynamic manipulation effects.Applications:Channel StripThe Komit is the ideal compressor to compliment a 'gold' channel strip. Feed the mic into a PowerPre, an EQ and the Komit can keep dynamics under control for more professional results. Stereo programThe Komit can be set to stereo mode by linking two Komits together. This is great for mastering. And even though the two units will share the same time constant, independent compression retains the full stereo image. DuckingUse the key input (via the Omniport on the Workhorse) to automatically duck a guitar track (lower the level) when the vocalist begins to sing. Simply connect the TRS output from the PowerPre into the Omniport key input.Single dial

Travel Limiter $10.95 Progressive Suspension Travel Limiter Travel limiter for Progressive shocks Available in different sizes to suit your needs

dbx 160A Compressor/Limiter $429.95 dbx 160A Compressor/Limiter

Daking FET Compressor/Limiter $1445 Daking FET Compressor/Limiter

Daking Fet Compressor/Limiter $1445 Daking FET Compressor/Limiter

Dbx 160A Compressor/Limiter $429.95 dbx 160A Compressor/Limiter

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Phil's design of a valve FM pulse counting tuner using safe 25 volt HT line

Using Technology To Expand A Level's Accuracy Beyond Perception

Over 4,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptian version of a level was a string and weight hanging plumb from the center of a frame.  And while the modern contractor evolved into using more accurate spirit levels, many are upgrading to higher-tech electronic measuring tools which find "level" with lasers, inclinometers and accelerometers.  Although the accuracy differences between traditional levels and laser levels, digital levels or the popular bubble level application on your Droid or I-Phone, are now imperceptible to humans, it's not going to stop the convergence of new technologies into our traditional tools.

Simple as it was, Bronze Age Egyptian level technology worked, but the Industrial Age gave man the ability to use machines to make metal and plastic leveling tools to more exacting standards.  In the twentieth century, the level was perfected with the spirit vial or bubble vial, with a glass body (now acrylic) and mineral spirit contents.  This miniature level, when placed into a wood or metal frame from 9" to 96" creates a tool for the job site.  The accuracy of spirit levels are typically less than or equal to the width of a human hair; an accuracy barely perceptible to humans.  On many spirit levels found in stores today, level accuracy is stated as plus or minus 0.0005 inches per inch or 0.5 millimeters per meter.  However, level accuracy on the job has always been limited by the ability of the human eye to see when the bubble is in the center of the vial.

Accurate as the Industrial Age spirit level is, the problem of a human's perception of "level" was solved by the Digital Age introduction of the laser level and the digital level.

Laser Level Technology

A quality laser level accuracy is plus or minus 1/16th of an inch (0.0625 inches) per 100 feet; 10 times greater than spirit level accuracy of over 1/2 of an inch (0.6 inches) per 100 feet.  This level of accuracy, which cannot be perceived by the human eye, is achieved through a laser diode, which concentrates the energy created by charged particles into a single beam of light.  Enhancing the accuracy further are self-leveling motors located inside the laser that continuously keep the laser beacon on "level".  The benefits of using a laser level extend beyond just accuracy; laser levels allow for measuring level across much longer distances and can turn a two-person measuring job into one that can be done alone.  Contractors' understanding of laser levels is growing and more and more are using them indoors and outdoors.

Over the last decade, technological improvements have already brought laser level costs down and expanded available features.  For the professional user, ten years ago, the super-bright and highly visible green-beam laser levels were only found on high-end lasers which cost several thousand dollars, while today, you can find green lasers for under $1,000.  On the high-end today, product features include GPS to determine exact positions for surveying and other construction.  For the do-it-yourselfer, five years ago a manual leveling rotary laser cost under $100, while last year, a more accurate self-leveling cross-line laser was introduced to the market at sub-$100 pricing.

As Moore's law dictates in microchip technology that capacity will double every 18-24 months, so too will we continue to see technological advancements which will lower prices and add features to lasers levels.  Looking ahead ten years, more laser levels will be automatic and electronic self-leveling which means greater accuracy for the average homeowner at an affordable price.  For the professional, we will see more combination rotary, line and dot laser levels and they will continue to be more accurate and have more functionality without the added cost.  Features like green beams, dual slope operation, electronic beam shields, adjustable laser modes and variable rotation speeds will move to lower priced products.

Digital Level Technology

Although less accurate than a quality laser level, a quality digital level, which measures slope, has an accuracy of plus or minus 0.1 degrees when measuring horizontal and when a laser beam is attached, the accuracy can be plus or minus 1/4 inch (0.25 inches) per 100 feet; over 4 times more accurate than a spirit level.  This level of accuracy, again imperceptible to humans, is achieved through either inclinometer or accelerometer technology to display "level" on an LCD screen within hundredths of a degree.  Some digital levels, however, still retain the spirit level vial for those users who want the traditional approach to double-check their work.  The cost of a quality digital level ranges between $150 and $250, with other versions under $100.                                                                     

Because the cost of digital levels provide multiple increases in accuracy over a spirit level, albeit at multiple increases in price, many non-professionals are opting to download a digital level onto their smart phone/ cell phone for free.  The Apple I-Phone and Motorola Droid both utilize accelerometer technology to react to changes in pitch, for horizontal, vertical and surface (flat) measurements.  For each smart phone, a handful of free bubble level application programs are available.  While the actual accuracy of this kind of digital level will depend on the accuracy of the placement of the accelerometer chip into the phone relative to the phone's frame, it's a fun tool and can come in handy for a quick reference.

In the future, there will be a continued convergence of digital technology into the spirit level, particularly as prices for digital technology come down.  There will be more and more spirit level/digital level hybrids and $20 digital level expansion kits will be in every hardware store.  Through Bluetooth (or next generation communication), digital levels will be interactive with other devices to store and calculate measurements.  Even the way "level" is viewed could be impacted by wafer thin, bendable, digital displays which could wrap around a level vial, provide a digital readout and have a back-lit display to see "level" in the dark – a next generation of the patented glow-in-the-dark level vial.

As we move further into the Communication Age, where connectivity is everything, all cell phones will become smart phones, meaning miniature computing and communication devices on every job site and in every home.  For the contractor, smart phones will be used not only for the quick reference of "level" through the free bubble level application or the augmented reality version of digitally seeing "level" through the phone's camera, both available today, they will be used as an integrated communication, calculation and purchasing tool to save the contractor time and money.

Since the dawn of man, we have been on a continual quest to improve our lives.  Naturally, as we evolve, so do the tools we use and the way we use them.  The convergence of technology and communication into traditional levels to provide quality and accuracy beyond perception has only begun.  The ancient Egyptians would be jealous.

About the Author

Paul Buzzell is CFO of Johnson Level & Tool, a leading manufacturer and marketer of "job site tough" professional quality spirit levels, laser levels and other construction measuring tools.  Mr. Buzzell's background is M&A and business valuation.  He holds an MBA from DePaul University.