Argon Diode Light

Argon Flushmount by Access Lighting $115.2 The Access Lighting Argon Flushmount features a gentle curve that adds a softness to its overall appearance. Opal glass provides an even diffusion while Brushed Steel metal appropriately frames the light. Part of a larger collection of fixtures that feature the same smooth look. Great for bathrooms, kitchens, hallways and more. Access Lighting, a California Company, provides practical, beautiful, and affordable time-tested classics and energy efficient lighting. Exclusive designs in contemporary and traditional styles for indoors and outdoors are gathered from around the world. The Access Lighting Argon Flushmount is available with the following: Details:Opal glass shadeMetal frameBrushed Steel finishRound ceiling canopyETL Listed for damp locationsOptions:Size: Large, or Small.Lighting:Large option utilizes three 60 Watt 120 Volt Type E12 Candelabra Base Incandescent lamps (included).Small option utilizes one 100 Watt 120 Volt Type T-3 Halogen lamp (included).Shipping: This item usually ships within 2 days. Dimensions: Large Fixture: Length 16 In., Width 16 In., Height 4 In. Small Fixture: Height 4 In., Length 11.5 In., Width 11.5 In.

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Argon Pendant No. 50454 by Access Lighting $194.4 The Access Lighting Argon Semi-Flush/Pendant No. 50454 is the simple way to add a clean, contemporary element into any interior. The shade is a simple bowl of Frosted glass held aloft by two adjustable downrods. The downrods and all of the other metal surfaces are finished in a soft Brushed Steel, giving the fixture a sleek, cohesive look. Access Lighting, a California company, provides practical, beautiful, and affordable time-tested classics and energy efficient lighting. Exclusive designs in contemporary and traditional styles for indoors and outdoors are gathered from around the world. The Access Lighting Argon Semi-Flush/Pendant No. 50454 is available with the following: Details:Bowl-shaped Frosted glass shadeMetal frameBrushed Steel finishRound ceiling canopyTwo 6", 16" and 22" downrods10' cordShade can be mounted in convex or concave positionETL ListedLighting: One 150 Watt 120 Volt Type T3 Halogen lamp (included). Shipping: This item usually ships within 2 days. Dimensions: Fixture: Height Adjustable from 11 In. to 49 In., Diameter 21 In.

Argon Semi-Flushmount No. 50451 by Access Lighting $153 The Access Lighting Argon Semi-Flushmount No. 50451 features a Frosted glass shade that can be affixed in either a convex or concave position. Its design mimics the characteristics of the chemical element, argon, in its steady and sure look. A great option for a range of soft contemporary and contemporary spaces. Access Lighting, a California Company, provides practical, beautiful, and affordable time-tested classics and energy efficient lighting. Exclusive designs in contemporary and traditional styles for indoors and outdoors are gathered from around the world. The Access Lighting Argon Semi-Flushmount No. 50451 is available with the following: Details:Frosted glass shadeMetal supportsBrushed Steel finishRound ceiling canopyGlass can be mounted in a concave or convex positionETL ListedLighting: One 150 Watt 120 Volt Type T-3 Halogen lamp (included). Shipping: This item usually ships within 2 days. Dimensions: Fixture: Height 9 In., Diameter 16 In.

LightEmitting Diode $68.51 Light emitting diode. Oleg Losev, List of LED failure modes, Organic light emitting diode, Miniature light emitting diode, Solid state lighting, LED lamp, LED power sources, Electrical polarity of LEDs, LED circuit, LED as light sensor Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 74 Publication Date: 2009/10/08 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.17 inches

Argon Pendant $252 A distinctive glass upon glass design characterizes this unique pendant. The bottom glass diffuses the light while the metal grate inserted in the upper glass facilitates heat dissipation. Fixture is supplied with 6�, 16� and 22� support rods with a brushed steel finish, which may be combined for a maximum height of 50".

Kuryakyn Diode Kit $6.95 " This kit is required when installing LED. lights as turn signals on a motorcycle with a single turn signal indicator light If this diode kit is not installed, power will back feed across the indicator light and all turn signals will ff"

E1224 1.25-4x24 Elite 30mm Argon Riflescope - Matte $399.18 Bushnell 1.25-4x24 Elite 4A Illum Reticle Matte 30mm Riflescope E1224 is a compact low profile design that is perfect for short to medium range targets. There is simply nothing brighter than the Elite line of Bushnell riflescopes, and the 1.25-4x24 Illum 4A Argon Riflescope E 1224 is no exception. The Ultra Wide Band Coating from Bushnell takes precision optics to a whole new level with 95% light transmission with 300% more of the visual light spectrum than before. The most unforgiving environments cannot stand up to the Bushnell Elite 1.25 - 4x24 Matte Illuminated 4A Rifle Scope, thanks to its RainGuard HD protection and Argon purged riflescope body.

Pacer 20 Diode LED Light $15.95 LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting gives extra brightness and longer life than conventional bulbs. Pacer's LED Light Kit works well when a light with extra length is needed. It is actually 12 LED lights within 1 larger light. The compact, slimline design allows a great variety of mounting location options. Includes one light. Mounts with two-sided tape Simple two wire installation Long life Low power draw Each light is 8'' L x 5/8'' W x 3/4'' H. Available in Red, Amber, White and Blue* *White and blue lights are an additional $6.00

Pacer 12 Diode LED Light $12.95 LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting gives extra brightness and longer life than conventional bulbs. Pacer's LED Light Kit works well as a third brake or turn signal indicator. It is actually 12 LED lights within 1 larger light. The compact, slimline design allows a great variety of mounting location options. Includes one light. Mounts with two-sided tape Simple two wire installation Long life Low power draw Each light is 4 5/8'' L x 7/16'' W x 3/4'' H. Available in Red, Amber, White and Blue* *White and blue lights are an additional $2.00

Argon One-Light Flush Mount $157 -Bulb Included -Opal Glass

Argon Three-Light Flush Mount $201 -Opal Glass

Argon Bronze Three-Light Flush $78 - Adjustable heads - Bulbs included

Argon $126.75 No Synopsis Available

E3950B Elite 3-9x50 Rainguard HD Argon Purged Riflescope - Matte $350.18 Bushnell 3-9x50mm Elite Argon Matte Rifle Scope gives you the versatility and optics to be a successful big game hunter. The 3-9x 50mm Elite Argon Matte Riflescope is inspired by the Bushnell riflescope tradition of building open the collective quality of past riflescopes, and utilizing groundbreaking innovation to deliver an unmatched result. The advantage of Bushnell Elite is industry leading 95% light transmission with Ultra Wide Band coating, unbeatable fogproofing with Rain Guard HD, and outstanding waterproofing with Argon purged treatment. The 3-9x50 Elite Matte Rifle Scope from Bushnell features extra light gathering capability thanks to a large 50mm objective, so you can make the most of dawn and dusk.

Access Lighting 50068BSOPL Argon 3 Light Flush Mount Brushed Steel $191.88 Collection: Argon. Finish: Brushed steel. Bulb type: E 12 Candelabra base. Lamps supplied: Yes. Glass: Opal. Height: 4 . Width: 16 . Length: 16 . Cetl damp. Number of lights: 3. Wattage: 60. Voltage: 120.

Access Lighting 50451BSFST Argon 1 Light Semi Flush Brushed Steel $198.9 Collection: Argon. Finish: Brushed steel. Bulb type: T 3 Halogen. Lamps supplied: Yes. Glass: Frosted. Height: 9 . Diameter: 16 . Included: 6 + 16 + 22 Rods 10ft cord. Rods up to 10ft slope adapters. Cetl dry.

Access Lighting 50431BSFST Argon 1 Light Semi Flush Brushed Steel $154.44 Collection: Argon. Finish: Brushed steel. Bulb type: T 3 Halogen. Lamps supplied: Yes. Glass: Frosted. Height: 11.5 . Diameter: 16 . Included: Slope adapter. Cetl dry. Number of lights: 1. Wattage: 200. Vo

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Simple homemade nitrogen air laser

Applications Of Lasers In Dentistry: A Review

 

 

Applications of Lasers in Dentistry: A Review

 

Author:

Prof (Dr.) Bashir A Mir

Professor,

Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

Govt. Dental College, Sgr.

 

Co authors:

Dr. Ajaz A Shah

Associate Professor and Head,

Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

Govt. Dental College, Sgr.

 

Dr. Suhail Latoo

Lecturer

Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology,

Govt. Dental College, Sgr

 

Dr. Altaf H Malik

Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

Govt. Dental College, Sgr

 

ABSTRACT

 Lasers were introduced into the field of clinical dentistry with the hope of overcoming some of the drawbacks posed by the conventional methods of dental procedures. Since its first experiment for dental application in the 1960s, the use of laser has increased rapidly in the last couple of decades. At present, wide varieties of procedures are carried out using lasers. The aim of this review is to describe the application of lasers in dental hard tissue procedures. Lasers are found to be effective in cavity preparation, caries removal, restoration removal, etching, and treatment of dentinal sensitivity, caries prevention and bleaching. Based on development in adhesive dentistry and the propagation of minimum intervention principles, lasers may revolutionize cavity design and preparation. 

 Key words: laser, dental hard tissue, adhesive dentistry

 

INTRODUCTION

The use of lasers in dentistry has increased over the past few years. The first laser was introduced into the fields of medicine and dentistry during the 1960s (Goldman et al., 1964). Since then, this science has progressed rapidly. Because of their many advantages, lasers are indicated for a wide variety of procedures (Frentzen and Koort, 1990; Aoki et al., 1994; Pelagalli et al., 1997; Walsh, 2003). Conventional methods of cavity preparation with low- and high-speed handpieces involve noise, uncomfortable vibrations and stress for patients. Although pain may be reduced by local anaesthesia, fear of the needle and of noise and vibration of mechanical preparation remains causes of discomfort. These disadvantages have led to a search for new techniques as potential alternatives for dental hard tissue removal. The aim of this review is to describe the application of lasers in dental hard tissue procedures. 

 

Historical development

The first experiment with lasers in dentistry was reported in a study about the effects of a pulsed ruby laser on human caries (Goldman et al, 1964). The results of that study showed that the effects varied from small 2-mm deep holes to complete disappearance of the carious tissue, with some whitening of the surrounding rim of enamel, indicating extensive destruction of carious areas along with crater formation and melting of dentine. Further work in the 1970's focused on the effects of neodymium (Nd) and carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers on dental hard tissues. Early researches found that CO2 lasers produced cracking and disruption of enamel rods, incineration of dentinal tubule contents, excessive loss of tooth structure, carbonisation and fissuring and increased mineralization caused by the removal of organic contents (Gimbel, 2000). It was also reported that the use of the CO2 laser was unfavourable because of the loss of the odontoblastic layer (Wigdor et al., 1993).

Therefore, it was concluded that, unless heat-related structural changes and damage to dentinal tissues could be reduced, laser technology could not replace the conventional dental drill. Further advances in laser technology however, have identified acceptable biologic interactions. For example, the Er: YAG laser was tested for its ability to ablate (or vapourise) dental hard tissues (Gimbel, 2000). Enamel and dentine cavities were successfully prepared using the Er: YAG laser. Since then, this laser has been used for caries removal and cavity preparation, soft tissue minor surgery and scaling (Aoki and Watanabe et al., 1998).

 

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

Cavity preparation

The Er: YAG laser was tested for preparing dental hard tissues for the first time in 1988. It was successfully used to prepare holes in enamel and dentine with low ‘fluences' (energy (mJ)/unit area (cm2)). Even without water-cooling (Burkes et al., 1992), the prepared cavities showed no cracks and low or no charring while the mean temperature rise of the pulp cavity was about 4.3°C (Rechmann et al., 1998). In 1989, it was demonstrated that the Er: YAG laser produced cavities in enamel and dentine without major adverse side effects. The ablation efficiency was about one order of magnitude lower than for soft tissue. It was then concluded that dentine and enamel removal was very effective with no risk to the pulp (Armengol, 2000; Cavalcanti, 2003) and the ablation rates in enamel were stated to be in the range of 20-50 µm/pulse, and in dentine they were reported to be as high at lower fluences.

Clinically, cavity preparation in enamel results in ablation craters with a white chalky appearance on the surface of the crater (Tokonabe et al., 1999). In dentine, cavity margins are sharp and dentinal tubules remain open without a smear layer. In a clinical study conducted to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the Er: YAG laser for caries removal and cavity preparation in dentine and enamel (Cozean et al, 1997), Class I, II, III, IV and V cavities were prepared for amalgam and composite restorations. It was found that the Er: YAG laser was equivalent to the air rotor in its ability to make cavity preparations in enamel and dentine and remove caries. However, the floor of the preparation was not as smooth as that achieved with the high-speed drill.  

Caries removal

Carious material contains a higher water content compared with surrounding healthy dental hard tissues. Consequently, the ablation efficiency of caries is greater than for healthy tissues. There is a possible selectivity in the removal of carious material using the Er: YAG laser because of the different energy requirement to ablate carious and sound tissues leaving those healthy tissues minimally affected. However, Rechmann et al. (1998) found that selective ablation of carious dentine is difficult with the Er: YAG laser. The ablation thresholds of healthy dentine and carious dentine are different. The ablation threshold of healthy dentine is two times higher than the corresponding threshold of carious dentine.

Therefore, very small fluences (energy (Joules) / area (cm2)) of the Er: YAG laser energy are required to selectively ablate carious dentine. This low fluence will result in low efficiency of the ablation process (Shigetani, 2002). In another in vitro study investigating the effectiveness of caries removal by Er: YAG laser, it was found that the Er: YAG laser ablated carious dentine effectively with minimal thermal damage to the surrounding intact dentine (Aoki and Ishikawa et al., 1998). The laser removed infected and softened carious dentine to the same degree as the bur treatment. In addition, a lower degree of vibration was noted with the Er: YAG laser treatment. However, the study did not address the issue of selective removal of carious tissue and further studies of caries removal using lasers are indicated. 

Restoration removal

The Er: YAG laser is capable of removing cement, composite resin and glass ionomer (Dostalova et al., 1998; Gimbel, 2000). The efficiency of ablation is comparable to that of enamel and dentine. Lasers should not be used to ablate amalgam restorations however, because of potential release of mercury vapour. The Er: YAG laser is incapable of removing gold crowns, cast restorations and ceramic materials because of the low absorption of these materials and reflection of the laser light (Keller et al., 1998). These limitations highlight the need for adequate operator training in the use of lasers.

Etching

Laser etching has been evaluated as an alternative to acid etching of enamel and dentine. The Er: YAG laser produces micro-explosions during hard tissue ablation that result in microscopic and macroscopic irregularities. These micro-irregularities make the enamel surface micro-retentive and may offer a mechanism of adhesion without acid-etching. However, it has been shown that adhesion to dental hard tissues after Er: YAG laser etching is inferior to that obtained after conventional acid etching (Martinez-Insua et al., 2000). These authors attributed the weaker bond strength of the composite to laser-etched enamel and dentine to the presence of subsurface fissuring after laser radiation. This fissuring is not seen in conventional etched surfaces. The subsurface fissuring contributed to the high prevalence of cohesive tooth fractures in bonding of both laser-etched enamel and dentine.

A similar conclusion was drawn from a study that compared shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to dentine surfaces following different treatments (Ceballos et al., 2001). These authors reported that acid etched specimens achieved the highest SBS values, while laser treatment showed the lowest SBS results. These findings suggest that extensive fissuring caused by laser treatment and the consequent poor bonding strength may outweigh the putative advantages of laser etching.

Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity

Dentinal hypersensitivity is one of the most common complaints in dental clinical practice. Various treatment modalities such as the application of concentrated fluoride to seal the exposed dentinal tubules have been tested to treat the condition. However, the success rate can be greatly improved by the ongoing evaluation of lasers in hard tissue applications. A comparison of the desensitising effects of an Er: YAG laser with those of a conventional desensitising system on cervically exposed hypersensitive dentine (Schwarz et al., 2002) showed that desensitising of hypersensitive dentine with an Er: YAG laser is effective, and the maintenance of a positive result is more prolonged than with other agents.

Caries prevention

Several studies examined the possibility of using laser to prevent caries (Hossain et al., 2000; Apel et al., 2003). It is believed that laser irradiation of dental hard tissues modifies the calcium to phosphate ratio, reduces the carbonate to phosphorous ratio, and leads to the formation of more stable and less acid soluble compounds, reducing susceptibility to acid attack and caries. Laboratory studies have indicated that enamel surfaces exposed to laser irradiation are more acid resistant than non-laser treated surfaces (Watanabe et al., 2001; Arimoto et al., 2001).

The degree of protection against caries progression provided by the one-time initial laser treatment was reported to be comparable to daily fluoride treatment by a fluoride dentifrice (Featherstone, 2000). The threshold pH for enamel dissolution was reportedly lowered from 5.5 to 4.8 and the hard tooth structure was four times more resistance to acid dissolution. However, the actual mechanism of acid resistance by laser irradiation is still unclear and studies, particularly in vivo, to test those claims are required.

Bleaching

The objective of laser bleaching is to achieve an effective power bleaching process using the most efficient energy source, while avoiding any adverse effects (Sun, 2000). Power bleaching has its origin in the use of high-intensity light to raise the temperature of hydrogen peroxide, accelerating the chemical process of bleaching. The FDA approved standards for tooth whitening has cleared three dental laser wavelengths: argon, CO2 and the most recent 980-nm GaAIAs diode. There are no reports at present about the use of the Er: YAG laser in bleaching techniques. The wavelength of the Er: YAG laser may be unsuitable for the procedures, but it is a further area that could be explored.

CONCLUSION

The Er: YAG laser has been found to have applications in areas such as cavity preparation, removal of caries and restorations, and etching of enamel. However, the advantages as well as limitations of the Er: YAG laser treatments have not yet been fully documented. There appear to be windows of opportunity for the Er: YAG laser in a range of dental applications. Lasers may revolutionise cavity design and preparation based on development in adhesive dentistry. 

REFERENCES

Aoki A, Ando Y, Watanabe H and Ishikawa I (1994). In vitro studies on laser scaling of sub-gingival calculus with an erbium: YAG laser. J Periodontal, 65: 1097 – 1106

 

Aoki A, Ishikawa I, Yamada T, Otsuki M, Watanabe H, Tagami J, Ando Y and Yamamoto H (1998). Comparison between Er: YAG laser and conventional technique for root caries treatment in nitro. J Dent Res, 6: 1404-1414.

 

Aoki A, Watanabe H and Ishikawa I (1998). Er: YAG clinical experience in Japan: review of scientific investigations. SPIE, 3248: 40-45.

 

Apel C, Schafer C and Gutknecht N (2003). Demineralization of Er: YAG and Er,Cr: YSGG Laser-Prepared Enamel Cavities in vitro. Caries Res, 37: 34-37.

 

Arimoto N, Suzaki A, Katada H and Senda A (2001). Acid Resistance in Lased Dentine. 6th International Congress on Lasers in Dentistry, 61-62.

 

Armengol V, Jean A and Marion D (2000). Temperature rise during Er: YAG and Nd: YAP laser ablation of dentine. J Endodon, 26(3): 138 –

141.

 

Burkes EJ, Hoke J, Gomes E and Wolbarsht M (1992). Wet versus dry enamel ablation by Er: YAG laser. J Prosthet Dent, 67: 847-851.

 

Cavalcanti BN, Lage-Marques JL and Rode SM (2003). Pulpal temperature increases with Er: YAG laser and high-speed handpieces. J Prosthet Dent, 90: 447-451.

 

Ceballos L, Osorio R, Toledano M and Marshall GW (2001). Microleakage of composite restorations after acid or Er: YAG laser cavity treatment. Dental Materials, 17: 340-346.

 

Cozean C, Arcoria CJ, Pelagalli J and Powell GL (1997). Dentistry for the 21st century? Erbium: YAG laser for teeth. J Am Dent Assoc, 128: 10801087.

 

Dostalova T, Jelinkova H, Kucerova H, Krejsa O, Hamal K, Kubelka J and Prochazka S (1998). Noncontact Er: YAG Laser Ablation: Clinical Evaluation. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 16(5): 273

 

Featherstone JDB (2000). Caries detection and prevention with laser energy. Dental Clinics of North America, 44(4): 955-969.

 

Frentzen M and Koort HJ (1990). Lasers in dentistry: new possibilities with advancing laser technology? Int Dent J, 40: 323 – 332

Gimbel CB (2000). Hard tissue laser procedures. Dental Clinics of North America, 44(4): 931-953.

 

Goldman L, Hornby P, Meyer R and Goldman B (1964). Impact of the laser on dental caries. Nature, 203: 417.

 

Hossain M, Nakamura Y, Kimura Y, Yamada Y, Ito M and Matsumoto K (2000). Caries-Preventive Effect of Er: YAG Laser Irradiation with or without Water Mist. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 18(2): 61-65.

 

Keller U, Hibst R, Geurtsen W, Schilke R, Heidemann D, Klaiber B and Raab WHM (1998). Erbium: YAG laser application in caries therapy. Evaluation of patient perception and acceptance. J Dent, 26: 649-656.

 

Martinez-Insua            A, Dominguez LS, Rivera FG and Santana-Penin UA (2000). Differences in bonding to acid-etched or Er: YAG – laser – treated enamel and dentine surfaces. J Prosthet Dent, 84: 280-288.

 

Pelagalli J, Gimbel CB, Hansen RT, Swett A and Winn II DW (1997). Investigational Study of the Use of Er: YAG Laser Versus Dental Drill for Caries Removal and Cavity Preparation – Phase I. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 15(3): 109 – 115.

 

Rechmann P, Goldin DS and Hennig T (1998). Er: YAG lasers in dentistry: an overview. SPIE, 3248: 0277-0286.

 

Schwarz F, Arweiler N, Georg T and Reich E (2002). Desensitising effects of an Er: YAG laser on hypersensitive dentine, a controlled, prospective clinical study. J Clin Periodontol, 29: 211-215.

 

Shigetani Y, Okamoto A, Abu-Bakr N and Iwaku M (2002. A study of cavity preparation by Er: YAG laser – observation of hard tooth structure by laser scanning microscope and examination of the time necessary to remove caries. Dent Mater J, 21(1): 20 – 31.

Sun G (2000). The role of lasers in cosmetic dentistry. Dental Clinics of North America, 44(4): 831-850.

 

Tokonabe H, Kouji R, Watanabe H, Nakamura Y and Matsumoto K (1999). Morphological changes of human teeth with Er: YAG laser irradiation. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 17(1): 7-12.

 

Watanabe H, Yamamoto H, Kawamura M, Okagamv Y, Kataoka K and Ishikawa I (2001). Acid Resistance of the Human Teeth Enamel Irradiated by Er: YAG Laser. 6th International Congress on Lasers in Dentistry, 68-69.

Walsh LJ (2003). The current status of laser applications in dentistry. Aust Dent J, 48(3): 146

 

Wigdor H, Abt E, Ashrafi S and Walsh Jr JT (1993). The effect of lasers on dental hard tissues. J Am Dent Assoc, 124: 65-70. 

 

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