Power Laser At which power a laser bean can alter water of glass ?
I intend to send energy through quartz crystals to hit a glass filled with water.
What can be the problems and starting when it starts to create problems ?
Serious answers only.
As we know from Masaru Emoto and Jacques Benveniste, water contains information. The purpose is to 'give energy' to the information contained in the water
What do you intend to do to the water? If you just want to light up, then it would depend on what color of laser you use. If you use red, you'd need probably at least 100mw to make it effectively light up, but if you're going with green you could get away with as little as 5mw as green appears a lot brighter to our eyes. Edit your question to tell me what you want the water to do, and I'll give you a better answer.
Laser Genetics Handheld Laser LocatorThe ND5 Long Distance Laser Illuminator is the first high powered, hand held laser light built for civilian use. The patented design integrates a state of the art micro Green Laser Pump with a hand controlled Linear Optical Collimator to create the ultimate lighting instrument. One hand, thumb control quickly adjusts laser beam diameter and illumination intensity. Features: PRECISION MACHINED FROM HIGH TECH ALUMINUM BLACK MATTE ANODIZED FINISH FULLY MULTI COATED OPTICAL LENS SYSTEM. FULLY O RING SEALED FOR DUST AND WATER NITROGEN CHARGED FOR ANTI-FOG POWER SUPPLY: 2 CR123A BATTERIES (INCLUDED) BATTERY LIFE: UP TO 8 HOURS CONTINUOUS USE ROTARY OPTICAL BEAM COLLIMATOR- ALLOWS QUICK ADJUSTMENT OF BEAM DIAMETER AND INTENSITY. Specifications WEIGHT: 1.2 lb. DIMENSIONS: 9.75�L X 2.25� DIA. X 1.2� DIA. TUBE RANGE: UP TO 5.0 MILES OUTPUT POWER: 20mW 532nm LASER LIGHT FREQUENCY- EASIEST LIGHT FOR THE HUMAN EYE TO SEE. Contents: Laser Genetics Handheld Laser Locator. Type: Laser Rangefinders
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Power Gear Lightforce Laser Tag Set2-player game system, featuring Infrared Tag SystemIncludes two (2) laser tag guns and two (2) laser tag targetsRequires three (3) AAA batteries (not included)Approved decibel level, meets ASTM and EN71 standards
Laser Pegs AC Power Accessory Pack. This accessory kit not only allows you to play with the Laser Pegs without batteries, but also gives you an extra power base to build with. If you have two kids or want to share the fun with the entire family, this accessory kit allows you to do just that. Start saving money today with the purchase of this cost-saving battery alternative.
The development of high power fiber laser and technologies are covered in this thesis. The first part of the thesis simulates the signal gain spectrum in an erbiumytterbium fiber amplifier, which can be implemented in fiber laser systems to generate high power output. The second part proposes the use of gainguided (GG) optical fibers to achieve high power modelocked fiber lasers. The spatialtemporal pulse propagation in the GG fiber is simulated; self focusing, and selfphasemodulation in this type of fiber is studied. The third part discusses phase locked fiber laser designs. Selfimaging in optical fibers is simulated; the results provide a guide to the phaselocking fiber laser system design. The last part of the thesis investigates cylindrical vector (CV) beams generation from fiber laser system using a birefringent crystal. Radial and azimuthal polarization output can be switched very easily in this fiber cavity design. More interestingly, lasing with radial and azimuthal polarization can be achieved simultaneously. By introducing misalignment in the cavity, a beam with different polarization distributions is generated. Author: Zhou, Renjie Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 116 Publication Date: 2010/09/12 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.28 inches
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Carpal Tunnel: High Power Laser Therapy for Those Trying to Avoid Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome accounts for approximately 50% of all work related injuries. Many patients affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome are not aware that High Power Laser Therapy is an effective and non invasive treatment option for those suffering with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Dr. Nelson Mane is a board certified Chiropractic Orthopedist Neurologist in Tampa and states “After performing many examinations and electro diagnostic test (EMG, NCV) on patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome it is surprising to see how many patients qualify and could benefit from this treatment but are not even aware it exist”. We still occasionally refer someone for Carpal Tunnel surgery but over the last 2 ½ years our experience and advanced clinical methods have allowed us to be able to handle more difficult cases. We have performed over 5000 High Power Laser Therapy treatments and have made considerable adaptations to our technique in order to improve our results.
Laser therapy has been shown to increase bone cartilage repair, reduce scar tissue, reduce inflammation, increase circulation, increase angiogenesis (new blood vessels formed), and regenerates nerve fibers as well as increase ATP production (energy). This unique aspect of the High Power Laser Therapy is its ability to penetrate deep enough to treat the target tissue (disc and spinal nerves). The procedure is non invasive and pain free. No preparation in needed for the procedure. The patient drives to the office to get their treatments and drives home.
Most physicians are not aware that this treatment exist and therefore can not recommend it. Let’s look at some recent articles in the scientific literature.
Shiraz University of medical science, Shiraz, Iran. Jazayeri1335@yahoo.com
OBJECTIVES: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy that can be diagnosed with confidence by the nerve conduction study (NCS). One of the recent treatments of CTS is the application of low power laser (LPL) therapy. The present study evaluates the effects of LPL irradiation through NCS and clinical signs and symptoms. METHODS: A total of 80 patients were included in this study. Diagnosis of CTS was based on both clinical examination and electromyographic (EMG) findings. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Test group (group A) underwent laser therapy (9-11 joules/cm2) over the carpal tunnel area. Control group (group B) received sham laser therapy. Pain, hand grip strength, median proximal sensory and motor latencies, transcarpal median sensory nerve conduction (SNCV) were recorded. After fifteen sessions of irradiation (five times per week), parameters were recorded again and clinical symptoms were measured in both groups. Pain was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS; day-night). Hand grip was measured by Jamar dynometer. Paired t-test and independent sample t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in clinical symptoms and hand grip in group A (p < 0.001). Proximal median sensory latency, distal median motor latency and median sensory latencies were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Transcarpal median SNCV increased significantly after laser irradiation (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in group B except changes in clinical symptoms (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Laser therapy as a new conservative treatment is effective in treating CTS paresthesia and numbness and improves the subjects' power of hand grip and electrophysiological parameters.
PMID: 18754533 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Shiraz University of medical science, Shiraz, Iran. Jazayeri335@yahoo.com
Unit of General Surgery, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. tfelwakil@hotmail.com
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist. It is one of the most common peripheral nerve disorders. The cause of idiopathic CTS remains unclear. The diagnosis of CTS is still mainly clinical. Open carpal tunnel release is the standard treatment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of low level laser treatment (LLLT) for CTS in comparison to the standard open carpal tunnel release surgery. Out of 54 patients, 60 symptomatic hands complaining of CTS were divided into two equal groups. Group A, was subjected to LLLT by Helium Neon (He-Ne) laser (632.8 nm), whereas group B was treated by the open approach for carpal tunnel release. The patients were evaluated clinically and by nerve conduction studies (NCSs) about 6 months after the treatment. LLLT showed overall significant results but at a lower level in relation to surgery. LLLT showed significant outcomes in all parameters of subjective complaints (p < or = 0.01) except for muscle weakness. Moreover, LLLT showed significant results in all parameters of objective findings (p < or = 0.01) except for thenar atrophy. However, NCSs expressed the same statistical significance (p < or = 0.01) after the treatment by both modalities. LLLT has proven to be an effective and noninvasive treatment modality for CTS especially for early and mild-to-moderate cases when pain is the main presenting symptom. However, surgery could be preserved for advanced and chronic cases. Refinement of laser tools and introduction of other wavelengths could make LLLT for CTS treatment a field for further investigations.
PMID: 17334675 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey.
Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of splinting, ultrasound (US), and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Background Data: CTS is the entrapment mononeuropathy most frequently seen in clinical practice, and is caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Although several treatment modalities are routinely in use, there is no consensus about the best way to treat CTS. Materials and Methods: Patients were randomly allocated to three groups and the following treatment protocols were used in each group: splinting only, splinting plus US, and splinting plus LLLT. The patients were assessed with the Boston Questionnaire, patient satisfaction inquiry, visual analogue scale for pain, and by electroneuromyography. Results and Conclusion: The study was completed on a total of 100 hands of 50 woman patients with bilateral CTS at 3 months after beginning treatment. At the end of the follow-up period, the patients in the three groups had improved at different rates. The combination of both US and LLLT with splinting was more effective than splinting alone in the treatment of CTS. However, LLLT plus splinting was more effective than US plus splinting, particularly in reducing symptom severity, and for pain alleviation and patient satisfaction.
PMID: 19099386 [PubMed - in process]
High Power Laser Therapy allows for deeper penetration thereby allowing you to reach the target tissue you are treating. The best physicians to evaluate you for this procedure are one who has 1.) Evaluated Carpal Tunnel patients. 2) Can perform or is familiar with electrodiagnostics used for evaluations for Carpal Tunnel patients. 3) Has treated carpal tunnel patients with High Power Laser Therapy. 4) Has made surgical referrals when indicated.
Dr. Mane is a board certified chiropractic orthopedist and neurologist.
For more information about the treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or about Dr. Nelson Mane D.C. please visit our website at http://www.manecenter.com/neuropathy.htm.
Dr. Mane offers one on one consultation for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Sufferers. If you are interested in scheduling a consultation please call 813-935-4744.
A 440 resistor, 45 µF capacitor, and 810 mH inductor are each connected across 6.3 V rms, 60 Hz AC power sources. Find the rms current in each path.
a) resistor
b) capacitor
c) inductor
I keep getting the wrong answer I am using all the right formulas can someone let me know how to do this problem...please!!!
the first 2 answers r correct but the last one is not
They can all be considered separately since they don't interact.
A. I(R) = V/R = 0.0143182 A
B. w = 2pi*60 = 376.99 rad/s
X(C) = 1/(wC) = 58.9463 ohms; I(C) = V/X(C) = 0.106877 A
C. X(L) = wL = 305.363 ohms; I(L) = V/X(L) = 0.026312 A
An inductor or a reactor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An inductors ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil, the loops helping to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to Faradays law of induction. Inductors are one of the basic electronic components used in electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 168 Publication Date: 2010/07/24 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.38 inches
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Principles of Laser Spectroscopy and Quantum Optics is an essential textbook for graduate students studying the interaction of optical fields with atoms. It also serves as an ideal reference text for researchers working in the fields of laser spectroscopy and quantum optics.The book provides a rigorous introduction to the prototypical problems of radiation fields interacting with two- and three-level atomic systems. It examines the interaction of radiation with both atomic vapors and condensed matter systems, the density matrix and the Bloch vector, and applications involving linear absorption and saturation spectroscopy. Other topics include hole burning, dark states, slow light, and coherent transient spectroscopy, as well as atom optics and atom interferometry. In the second half of the text, the authors consider applications in which the radiation field is quantized. Topics include spontaneous decay, optical pumping, sub-Doppler laser cooling, the Heisenberg equations of motion for atomic and field operators, and light scattering by atoms in both weak and strong external fields. The concluding chapter offers methods for creating entangled and spin-squeezed states of matter.Instructors can create a one-semester course based on this book by combining the introductory chapters with a selection of the more advanced material. A solutions manual is available to teachers.Rigorous introduction to the interaction of optical fields with atomsApplications include linear and nonlinear spectroscopy, dark states, and slow lightExtensive chapter on atom optics and atom interferometryConclusion explores entangled and spin-squeezed states of matterSolutions manual (available only to teachers)Paul R. Berman is professor of physics at the University of Michigan. Vladimir S. Malinovsky is a visiting professor in the Physics Department at Stevens Institute of Technology.
The easy way to shed light on Optics In general terms, optics is the science of light. More specifically, optics is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light?including visible, infrared, and ultraviolet?and the interaction of light with matter. Optics For Dummies gives you an approachable introduction to optical science, methods, and applications. You`ll get plain-English explanations of the nature of light and optical effects; reflection, refraction, and diffraction; color dispersion; optical devices, industrial, medical, and military applications; as well as laser light fundamentals. Tracks a typical undergraduate optics course Detailed explanations of concepts and summaries of equations Valuable tips for study from college professors If you`re taking an optics course for your major in physics or engineering, let Optics For Dummies shed light on the subject and help you succeed!
In the fourtysix years that have gone by since the first volume of Progress in Optics was published, optics has become one of the most dynamic fields of science. The volumes in this series which have appeared up to now contain nearly 300 review articles by distinguished research workers, which have become permanent records for many important developments. Historial Overview Attosecond Laser Pulses History of Conical refraction Particle Concept of Light Field Quantization in Optics History of NearField Optics History of Tunneling Influence of Youngs Interference Experiment ob Development of Statistical optics Planck, Photon Statistics and BoseEinstein Condensation Author: Wolf, Emil/ Berry, M. V./ Bloembergen, N. Series Title: Progress in Optics Series Number: 50 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 372 Publication Date: 2007/12/01 Language: English Dimensions: 8.96 x 6.57 x 0.84 inches
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Tunable Laser with optics and geometry supercontinuum
Enhancement of the fluorescence spectra of Rhodamine 101 dye using silver aggregate nanoparticles
I.
I. Introduction
The most powerful propriety of laser dyes is their tunability band laser emission which gives a varity of applications in many fields. Laser dyes are used efficiently in the isotope separation field. They also have applications in biology such that they modify the DNA by irradiation with ultraviolet light to prevent genetic mutations. The most successful, advanced and widely used application of laser in medicine is certainly eye surgery by photocoagulation, the laser dyes can be also used to coagulate blood vessels in order to obstruct the flow of blood (1). They also can be used in monitoring industrial pollution by means of differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique (2).
According to these importances there are different methods used for increasing the laser fluorescence intensity with specific wavelength. For example by using the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, the effect of concentration on the laser dye Rhodamine B dissolved in ethanol can be studied such that the fluorescence emission intensity of Rhodamine B gets broad and shifts to higher wavelength with concentration (3). Also a dye fluorescence spectrum shift can be obtained without fluorescence intensity enhancement under the influence of the solvent used (4).
Corresponding authors:
+ Lotfi Z. Ismail: Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University.
* Mohamed A. El Shaer: Department of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University.
e-mail: Melshaer@link.net
Recently nanoparticles (NPs) have a very interesting role on the laser dyes emission fluorescence such that adding (NPs) to a dye solution enhances the fluorescence emission of the dye. That enhancement of the fluorescence emission of molecules near a metal surface arises from interactions with surface plasmons (sp) resonance in the metal particles; these interactions may also result in shortening of the excited-state lifetime thus improving the photostability of the dye (5).
In the spots, where local fields are concentrated, both linear and nonlinear optical responses of molecules and atoms are gigantically enhanced which will lead to a number of important applications, the most important one is the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) (6) . The presence of the nanoparticles (NPs) will increase the fluorescence quantum efficiency which is expected to have a very important consequence in (SERS) (7).
For example when silver (NPs) are added to the dye solution, dye molecules will be adsorbed on islands and films of the metallic (NPs) and when the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the metallic (NPs) coincides with the dye absorption band that will modify the intensity of the electromagnetic field (EMF) around the molecules which will increase the emitted fluorescence intensity (8). That modification of the (EMF) is due to the very high field gradient near the metallic surfaces (9).
Adding Ag (NPs) to the dye solution can cause either an enhancement or a quenching of the fluorescence intensity of the dye depending on the distance between the dye molecules and the metal surfaces. When the metallic (NPs) are in close proximity to the fluorophores, quenching of the luminescence occurs because the non-radiative decay of the excited molecules will increase due to the energy transfer from the dye molecules to silver (NPs), whereas when the metallic (NPs) are located at certain distance, enhancement in the luminescence is observed due to the decrease of the non-radiative decay (10). Silver and gold (NPs) are used in most popular dyes because their plasmon resonance frequency is located in the visible spectrum which matches with the absorption and the emission bands of these dyes. There are important factors affecting the strength of the fluorescence intensity which are the size and shape of the (NPs), the orientation of the dye dipole moments relative to the (NPs) surface normal, the overlap of the absorption and emission bands of the dye with the plasmon band of the metal and the radiative decay rate and the quantum yield (Q) of the fluorescent molecule (5, 11).
Since Rhodamine dyes are the most and wieldy used dyes in many fields such that they can be used in nonphotochemical hole burning experiments on the mitochondrial dye Rhodamine 800 incubated with two human ovarian surface epithetical cell lines. This dye is believed to be selective for the plasma and inner membranes of the mitochondria (12). Gold nanoparticles can be used as a colorimetric sensor for protein conformational change (13).
So in this work we study the effect of adding silver (NPs) to Rhodamine 101 dye of concentration 10-4 M/L with different weighting factors between the Ag (NPs) and the dye solution.
II. Experimental samples and setups
Experimentally, we use Rh 101 dye of molecular weight of 591.06 gm, which appears as a green solid with maximum absorption wavelength of 568 nm when it is dissolved in absolute ethanol (99.9 %). The selected concentration of the dye solution is 10-4 M/L.
The aggregated nanoparticles are prepared by vinylpyrrolidone reduction of AgNO3 in ethanol solution. AgNO3 (5 mg) is dissolved in EtOH (100 ml), put in a reflux condenser and heated while stirring for 15 min. Then poly (vinylpyrrolidone) (molecular weight, 40 000; 1.2 g) was added, with stirring, and kept in a reflux condenser for about 10 min. After that NaOH (1 wt%; 0.5 ml) is added and kept at boiling while stirring for 30 min. Then the mixture was kept stirred until it cooled to room temperature. That colloid prepared this way contains mostly isolated Ag particles.
In the preparation of Ag aggregate, ethanol solution of AgNO3 (25 mg in 25 ml of EtOH) is mixed with 25 ml of initial colloid at boiling temperature while stirring. Then, 4 ml of NaOH (1 wt %) is added to the mixture, which was kept stirred at boiling temperature for 30 min and then until it cooled to room temperature. The estimated concentration of Ag particles in the mixture was 8.8*1013 cm-3 (9). Interaction of Rhodamine 101 dye molecule with silver nanoparticles is schematically shown in figure 1.
Fig.1 Schematic representation of the formation of dye-Ag nanoparticles complex
This molecule has two nitrogen atoms with which it can bind to silver nanoparticles. Among these two nitrogen atoms one of them is more electropositive and can bind to silver nanoparticles preferentially to form dye silver nanoparticles complex. Due to the affinity of dye molecule with silver nanoparticles, electron transfer mechanism becomes easier and enhancement is obtained.
The pure dye solution and the dye aggregate mixtures are pumped by argon (Ar) ion laser of output wavelength 488 nm generated from Lexel 95 laser generator and the fluorescence spectrum is detected by SPEX 750M monochromator. An Acquisition card is used to analyze the fluorescence spectra with pc-computer software specially written to scan the wavelength as shown in figure 2.
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the spectroscopic system and data acquisition part of the experiment.
III. Results
First, a pure Rh 101 dye solution of concentration 10-4 M/L is pumped with Ar ion laser, and then Ag (NPs) is added to the dye solution with ratios from 1:7 to 1:3 of the Ag (NPs) to the dye in the solution, the fluorescence intensities are recorded as shown in figure 3 which presents a comparison between the fluorescence emission curves of the four cases such that the lowest fluorescence intensity belongs to the pure dye solution (black curve) of concentration 10-4 M/L and equals to 1.32 a.u. and its peak at ? = 627.5 nm, (green curve) the fluorescence intensity of the Ag aggregate to dye solution ratio is 1:7 increases to be 1.55 a.u. and its peak is shifted to be at ? = 617.5 nm, (red curve) the fluorescence intensity of the Ag aggregate to dye solution ratio is 1:3.5 increases to be 1.6 a.u. and its peak is shifted to be at ? = 615 nm, (blue curve) the fluorescence intensity of the Ag aggregate to dye solution ratio is 1:3 increases to be 2.05 a.u.- the highest value - and its peak is shifted to be at ? = 614.5 nm.
Fig. 3 A comparison between the fluorescence intensity versus wavelength of different cases (Black) pure dye of concentration 10-4 M/L, (Green) Ag aggregate to dye ratio 1:7, (Red) Ag aggregate to dye ratio 1:3.5, and (Blue) Ag aggregate to dye ratio 1:3.
Figures 4, 5 represent the relation between the dye fluorescence intensity and its peak spectral wavelength shift versus the Ag aggregate percentage in the aggregate-dye solution respectively. They showed that there is a linear relationship between the Ag aggregate percentage in the mixture and the fluorescence intensity and its peak spectral wavelength shift. As the Ag aggregate nanoparticles percentage increased in the mixture, the fluorescence intensity increased and the peak spectral shift also increased.
Fig. 4 The relation between Ag aggregate percentages and the fluorescence intensity.
Fig. 5 The relation between Ag aggregate percentages and the shift of the maximum peak wavelength.
As we dilute the dye solution to be of a concentration of 5×10-5 M/L and pump it with Ar ion laser, and then adding Ag (NPs) to dye solution such that the Ag aggregate to dye ratio in the mixture is 1:7, their fluorescence emission intensities are recorded as shown in figure 6 which represents a comparison between the two cases such that the pure dye solution (red curve) has the minimum fluorescence intensity with its peak at ?= 612.5 nm, and the fluorescence intensity of the aggregate dye mixture of ratio 1:7 of the Ag (NPs) to dye (black curve) increases with percentage increase in the fluorescence intensity by only 5% with its maximum peak at ?=610 nm, so we can say that the intensity increased and the shift is obtained but with weak dependence on the Ag aggregate percentage in the solution.
Fig.6 A comparison between the fluorescence intensity of two cases, (red curve) the fluorescence intensity of a pure dye of concentration of 5*10-5 M/L, (black curve) the fluorescence intensity of an Ag aggregate to dye (5*10-5 M/L) mixture of ratio 1:7.
IV. Discussion and Conclusion
In this work, adding silver (NPs) to Rhodamine 101 dye solution is investigated. The measured values reveal that adding Ag (NPs) to the dye solution will enhance the dye fluorescence to significant values accompanied by wavelength shift to higher values as the Ag (NPs) percentage increases in the dye aggregate mixture. The fluorescence enhancement could be due to the field enhancement in metallic nanostructures associated with the surface plasmons, whereas the fluorescence spectrum shift may be obtained due to the overlapping between the electronic transition of the metal nanoparticles and the molecular transition of the dye molecules.
At the same time adding Ag (NPs) to diluted Rh 101 dye solution of concentration 5*10-5 M/L with ratio 1:7 of the aggregated silver to the dye in the mixture will give an intensity increase in the fluorescence of the dye by only 5%, and a spectrum wavelength shift is obtained by only 2.5 nm which gives a weak dependence on the Ag percentage in the solution because dye dilution decreases fluorophores density required to make bonds to the Ag nanoparticles to enhance the dye fluorescence intensity as seen in figure 1, accordingly the intensity enhancement is limited.
V. References
1. F. J. Duaarte, L. W. Hillman, (1990), Academic press.
2. M. L. Paascu, N. Moise, A. Staicu, (2001), Journal of molecular structure, Vol. 598, pp. 57-64.
3. M. Fikry, M. M. Omar, Lotfi Z. Ismail, (2009) , Journal of Fluorescence, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 741-746.
4. B. R. Gayathri, J. R. Mannekutla, S.R. Inamdar, (2008), Journal of molecular structure, Vol. 889, pp. 383-393.
5. O. G. Tovmachenko, C. Graf, D. J. van den Heuvel, (2006) , Advanced materials, Vol. 18, pp. 91-95.
6. S. R. Emory, (2000), the international society of optical engineering, pp. 1-2.
7. A. Santhi, M. Umadevi, V. Ramakrishnan, (2004), Spectrochimica Acta part A, Vol. 60, pp. 1077-1083.
8. M. A. Noginov, G. Zhu, V. P. Drachev, (2006), Physical review B, Vol. 74, No. 18, pp. 184203(1-8).
9. M. A. Noginov, G. Zhu, C. Davison, A. K. Pradhan, (2005), Journal of modern optics, Vol. 52, Issue 16, pp. 2331-2341.
10. S. Kalele, A. C. Deshpande, S. Bhushan Singh, S. K. Kulkarni, (2008), Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 541-544.
11. R. J. Walsh, T. Reinot, J. M. Hayes, K. R. Kalli, L. C. Hartmann, G. J. Small, (2002), Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 98, pp. 115-121.
12. S. Chah, M. R. Hammond, R. N. Zare, (2005), Chemistry & Biology, Vol. 12, pp. 323-328.
13. O. Stranik, R. Nooney, C. McDonagh, B. D. MacCaraith, (2007), Plasmonics, Vol. 2, pp. 15-22.
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New and Exclusively ours from Peter Lam for 2012 We are extremely proud to introduce our Tribal Rose Collection where Modern Edge meets Feminine Sensibility This stunning creation features rose inspired feminine swirls that have just a hint of fashion forward edginess This piece transcends generations so if you are a Mom then keep an eye on your bracelet around that daughter of yours Shes going to want to borrow this one Set in over 30 grams of Sterling Silver and 16 grams of 18K Yellow gold bezels
New and Exclusively ours from Peter Lam for 2012 We are extremely proud to introduce our Tribal Rose Collection where Modern Edge meets Feminine Sensibility This stunning creation features rose inspired feminine swirls that have just a hint of fashion forward edginess This piece transcends generations so if you are a Mom then keep an eye on your bracelet around that daughter of yours Shes going to want to borrow this one Set in 515 grams of Sterling Silver with 18 grams of 18K Yellow gold bezels
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Hybrid electric vehicle is the biggest challenge facing the battery
Auto energy-saving emission reduction has become the driving force behind the development of automotive electronics, with the increasing oil supply shortage and growing environmental pollution, electric vehicles such as electricity-powered vehicles, with its energy-saving and environmental protection advantages of becoming a concern to the industry focus. However, even if the electric car has many advantages, but it is a time can not replace the traditional gas powered model, so the new hybrid vehicle is clean electric vehicle with industrialization and marketization of the most promising models. However, cost, reliability, longevity, more complex environment, the requirements of high-voltage power devices for automotive manufacturers and many other issues facing the many challenges.
Infineon Technologies (China) Limited's automotive electronics business, senior marketing engineer Cao Yu pointed out: At present, the main challenges of hybrid cars from two aspects: one is the traditional power systems and electric systems of coordination; the other is the need for cost-controlled conditions, to meet the automotive electronics in complex application environments reliability requirements.
Cao Yu: Hybrid cars as a major challenge is the traditional power systems and electrical systems for coordination.
Fairchild, senior manager of global automotive market, Hans-PeterHoenes believes that hybrid vehicles the main design challenges are based on a very low cost to create a very complex and yet highly reliable systems.
"Electric cars can be divided into three categories: hybrid, fuel cell and electric vehicles. Electric car there is a universal problem - battery, batteries due to the existing problems, the future can be the possibility of mass production the largest is the hybrid. than a hybrid engine with conventional technology, an increase in three parts, one vehicle control, 2 battery management, and third is motor control. "Freescale's automotive electronics engineering manager for China, said Kang Xiao Dun .
Kang Xiao Dun: The battery technology is the key to hybrid cars, batteries account for the cost of the vehicle 1 / 3 of the above.
Hybrid electric vehicle is further divided into light (micro) mixed with full hybrid vehicles, the challenges they face are different.
Light mixed with the different challenges facing the entire mixed
Cao Yu analyzed, micro-mixing system and the entire hybrid system in the system are structurally very different, it is more than the total electrical power system, the percentage of the value of difference is important that the quantitative changes in the structure caused by vehicles. Micro-hybrid system in general to achieve start-stop function, the whole hybrid system requires no engine power vehicles in the case still has some endurance. Because the system greatly increased the coupling degree, full-hybrid system structure is more complex and more challenges in the hp f4809a laptop battery.
Hans-PeterHoenes were analyzed for the mild hybrid vehicles, the chassis (the basic design) is still the traditional automotive design, usually in a normal car on the integration of hybrid characteristics. As the chassis (the basic design) design has been set, the additional needs of all systems must be able to meet the demand. However, this is not always the best technical solution, so far the biggest challenge in this regard is the integration of mechanical and electrical integration. In other words, the minimum space requirements need to design. As for the full use of hybrid cars, the whole design needs to change, not only the powertrain, chassis and even had to move forward and is optimized for mixed. A good design should be designed around the automobile powertrain, while the traditional program is designed to cars, but the engine placed in the "somewhere." This is a complete change in the concept of design thinking, because drive system has been decided, or at least greatly affect the shape and appearance of the vehicle.
"Design work is facing the biggest challenge is the lack of high-power electric transmission under high pressure (high pressure-driven high-power motors) has extensive experience in automotive engineers. As a result of conditions and the traditional cars are different, so even in the field of industrial drives and experienced Senior consultant, can offer the help is very limited. "Hoenes said. Fairchild not only has a discrete power technology, as well as gate driver IC such as IC. This not only applies to low-voltage, but also covers the full voltage range of up to 1200V. This module integration capability allows customers to receive a fully tested to optimize power level, can solve many problems related to the interaction between the parasitic and device design issues.
Motor Control Challenges
In motor control, Cao Yu pointed out that the main difficulty is the need to achieve auto-level reliability requirements, and needs to take into account the cost of realization of the right. Also need to consider the high-power drive system caused by electromagnetic interference and noise effects. If you are using industrial-grade device although the initial period of no major problems, but as time goes on, accompanied by a device destined to produce failure, vendor will give the brand image and reputation has brought incalculable loss, "so we recommend the use of automotive-grade devices, can effectively guarantee the vehicle's life cycle system, reliable operation. "he said. "As the world's leading supplier of power devices, Infineon has a deep system of experience and many experts team, which can better understand the specific needs of customers, even helping customers find those hidden in the system application requirements under the battery."
Infineon offers the industry's leading provider of high power density automotive-grade module HP1 (hybridpack1) & HP2 (hybridpack2), with ultra-small size, the most relevant automotive systems of space limitations. HP1 weight 485g (72x140x17mm) 3 half-bridge in-one design, 650V400A maximum drive capability for less than 20-30KW motors. HP2 (106.5x48.5x20.5mm) weight of 1250g, is more directly based on a special water-cooled thermal design in order to meet the 80-100KW Module 650V800A motor applications.
Microchip Automotive Products Group Automotive Marketing Manager, Chan Chung-yan, the view that: "In the hybrid vehicle, the motor control for steering control, and battery cooling and other key subsystems is critical. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors due to small size, controllability and high efficiency The widely used. brushless DC motors are increasingly being used to eliminate the belts and hydraulic systems, to provide additional functionality and improved mileage. magnet costs continued to decline and control of brushless DC motor of the electronic devices needed to continue to reduce the , leading to more and more used cars, power level is also rising. "
Chan Chung-yan, went on to explain, DC brushless motors are usually controlled with one or more of the rotor position sensor used in conjunction with, because their electrical excitation must be synchronized with the rotor position. For the cost, reliability and mechanical packaging reasons, especially if the motor need to being immersed in a fluid, preferably in the case of sensorless brushless DC motor running - that is, without sensor operation. Sensorless motor lower cost, because it does not require sensors, but the driver is more complex. Sensorless Motor in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery cooling system has excellent performance, this time do not need to start and stop the motor. "Automotive system designers embedded in the face of changing environment, the need to develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution. Low-power micro-controller is an important device to meet the demanding requirements, which can increase the cost of lower reliability of the system in a small package to adapt to a smaller board space, and no external components. In addition, to have the socket, software and peripheral compatibility with micro-controller architecture provides designers with excellent flexibility, enabling them to shorten the development time and reduce costs. Microchip Technology offers a variety of micro-controllers and DSC, for facing the challenges of hybrid demand for automotive electronics designers is the best solution. "
In the powertrain systems, Cao Yu think the biggest challenge is how to coordinate the motor system and the traditional power system operation, give the user a better driving experience. Improve the efficiency of the whole system mainly from the following aspects: improving motor system efficiency, braking energy feedback rate, reducing the efficiency of the engine at low speed range of operation and so on.
For motor control, Kang Xiaodui Freescale, "said Freescale's gasoline engine management electronics a global leader. We offer advanced embedded controllers, sensor technology, power management components and power brakes drive, so that the new vehicle more economical, and protect the environment. We're still the engine control technology introduced into the electric vehicle control and management, and based on PowerArchitecture Freescale processors MPC55/56xx series offers many of the most advanced engine control, vehicle management, electrical drive, battery management solutions. "
Battery management is facing the biggest challenge
In the (full) hybrid vehicles, the battery is the most expensive, but also the most delicate parts. Although the lithium battery with high power density advantages, but in the development of suitable batteries for hybrid cars, there is still a lot to be done. In this case, the next few years, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries will still be more and more widely used.
Hans-PeterHoenes pointed out that to achieve the fast charge without damage (damage) batteries, designers need a very precise charge (charge) control technology. Although the micro-controller integrated intelligent programming algorithm is basically a software solution, but Fairchild continued to focus on the hardware. In order to avoid interference with power lines during charging, a good power factor correction solution is necessary, to some extent even a legal norm requirement. The control IC Fairchild has an extensive product portfolio, combined with built-in with a soft-recovery rectifiers (performance of the rectifier diode) and low saturation voltage drop across the IGBT, can provide a complete solution.
In the battery management, Cao Yu Li-ion battery that Infineon has a dynamic balance of Application patents, can reduce the differences between each other, effectively improve battery efficiency and longevity. This patented feature is the battery charged and discharged, or any idle time to implement power balance, very suitable for automotive power applications in such diverse environments and rapid mode switching needs.
"In view of current technology, technology is the hybrid cars and electric cars key. Even a relatively high market appeal hybrid cars, batteries account for the cost of the vehicle's 1 / 3 or more. But also the weight of , reliability, longevity and many other issues to be resolved. lithium iron phosphate battery technology should be a better solution. However, as regards the above problems still need further improvement. Fuel cells are another technology, its technical maturity, fuels (mostly liquid hydrogen) storage and control issues, we can say can not immediately become a mature, mass-produced products. while pure electric cars, hybrid terms, the battery cost, weight, reliability, life , including the charging issue will be the government, automobile companies are facing a major problem. "Kang Xiao Dun said," So, the current hybrid vehicles in Europe and the United States and Japan, and has become industrialized, and domestic still in its infancy, there is no formation of industrialization. As the world's leading automotive semiconductor manufacturers, Freescale is committed to the Chinese domestic automotive electronics contribute to the development. Our key customer support (such as BYD, etc.), including technical exchanges, product pricing and so on. "
Laser Diode Power Control Help wiring a motor and laser together?
For a simple hobby project, I am starting with a toy which uses a battery-powered motor. I want to add a small laser diode which will run from the same batteries, so I'll wire it in parallel. Question is, will the laser 'steal' power from the motor? If so, how do I limit this? Do I need resistors etc in order to control the sharing of current?
The motor is connected straight to the power without any control circuitry. The laser is a self-contained unit which will also connect straight to the battery. I just wonder whether the laser could hog the power and cause the motor to grind to a halt? Or will they each naturally use only the power they require?
They will try to pull what they are rated for. Adding resistors will only increase the load, and in turn create heat which is then wasted. Just wire 'em up direct and let them have the power each wants. Its like a night light and a toaster on the same circuit. One is thousands of times more load, but both just draw what they will.
This book basically gives the over view about The properties of erbiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFA) such as gain and noise figure have been studied. By determining the characteristics of the 980nm, 1480nm 1550nm laser sources and ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) at the output of the amplifier used to determine the gain and noise figure of EDFA. This model allows to follow the signal (1550nm), pump (980nm) and ASE as they propagate along the fiber and determine population inversion .The both forward and backward propagation ASE are important in determining the overall gain and noise figure. For the amplification of more than 80 channels the DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) has required CBand (15251565)nm and LBand (15651610)nm EDFA.We show that a flat gain spectrum can be achieved in the range from 1565 to 1610 nm when the EDF length, pump power and pump configuration are appropriately chosen. Special care must be taken when selecting the EDF length. Author: Kumar, Pankaj/ Kumar, Chakresh/ Chack, Devendra Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 68 Publication Date: 2011/06/19 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.16 inches
In this book, the design of InGaN LDs structures including multi quantum wells (MQWs) active region device are described and investigated by integrated system engineering technology computer aided design (ISE TCAD) device simulator. The parameters of the LDs structures are varied and optimized for high performance. This optimization study involves aspects such as thickness of active region, doping, thickness of stopper layer region, thickness of quantum wells and quantum barriers, number of quantum wells and several approaches to improve and achieve high efficiency, low threshold current and high output power of InGaN LDs. The basic LDs structures treated here are FabryPerot type InGaN double heterostructure (DH), separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) and multi quantum wells (MQWs).High performance LD has been obtained by using multi quantum wells incorporated with the optimized parameters. The lowest threshold current, higher external quantum efficiency and characteristic temperature are obtained when the number of InGaN well layers is two, at our laser emission wavelength of 415 nm, which is related to the problem of inhomogeneous carrier. Author: Thahab, Sabah Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 232 Publication Date: 2011/01/31 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.00 x 0.53 inches
Enterococc faecalis considered to be the mostresistant bacteria of the root canal, in the presentstudy we used two types of root canal disinfectant toshow their effect on this type of bacteria, the firstis the diode laser and the second NaOCl solution withspecial concentrations and times. the study conductedon human decoronated extracted teeth, adjusted with13mm root length, filled with a suspension of E.faecalis, Samples were divided into 14 groups eachgroup consisted of 10 prepared roots, sixty sampleswere irrigated with NaOCl solution at differentconcentrations (0.5, 2.5 and 5.25) at twoselected times (2 minutes and 5 minutes) for eachconcentration.Sixty samples were irradiated at different powers (2W, 2.5W and 3W); each power at thetotal irradiation time 30 and 60 seconds. Whencomparison was made between NaOCl irrigant and diodelaser in a combination among differentconcentrations, powers and times the result showedthat 5.25 NaOCl at both 2 minutes and 5 minutes hadthe highest antimicrobial effect with no significantdifferences from 3W laser / 10 sec (6 cycles) butsignificantly different from 3W / 5 sec (6 cycles). Author: Shehab, Najwan F./ Zakaria, Assistant Prof Nawfal a./ Taha, Prof Dr Mahmoud y. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 104 Publication Date: 2011/07/29 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.25 inches
0.50" Height x 1.50" Width x 2.60" Depth - Remote Control 1 Year Limited 1 oz - Remote Control 1.20" Height x 3.40" Width x 2.60" Depth - Receiver 100 ft 2 oz - Receiver 433 MHz 8765.81 Hour Under Normal Operation FCC Part 15. Class B for US Industry Canada RSS-210 FDA 21 CFR 1040 Forward Reverse Blank Receiver can support upto 7 total remotes Easy plug-and-play. No software to load Power: One 3.0V CR2032 Lithium Battery Secure transmission. 4 billion encrypted codes Laser: Diode Laser, 5mW max output at 650NM, Class Illa The Power Presenter RF Remote is a handy, compact presentation tool. It allows you to control slides in any presentation or slide show software and includes a built-in laser pointer. Device Remote Control Honeywell Honeywell International, Inc Lithium Mac PC PPREM Power Presenter Remote Control Radio Frequency USB (Receiver) Wireless mini-DIN (PS/2) (Receiver) www51.honeywell.com/honeywell/
Chauvet Min Laser Star Features: Pint-sized green star and red beam laser projector for use in small parties that need big coverage Independent control of the red and green laser diodes allow for true customization of the effect Covers a huge area and looks great with or without fog Set the color and rotation speeds wirelessly with the included wireless remote control Motor spins in both directions and at variable speeds to create an ever-changing star field Includes 2 different mounting options to fit the style and mood of any event or party Awesome sound-activated and automated programs dance to the beat of the music or run by them selves Complies with FDA / CDRH standards for Class 3R Specifications: Light source: 532nm/50mW green laser diode, 650nm/100mW red laser diode Coverage angle: 100° Power and current: 120V, 60Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A inrush Power and current: 230V, 50Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A inrush AC power: 12VDC 500mA (external power supply: 100-240VAC 50/60Hz) Weight: 0.7lbs (0.3kg) Size: 4.3 x 3.3 x 1.8in (111 x 85 x 45mm) Get Your Chauvet Min Laser Star Today!
Chauvet MiN Laser FX Features: Fun-sized and feature-packed laser with 6 different effects for hours of entertainment Throws thousands of red and green beams into the air and all over the ceilings and walls Independent control of the red and green laser diodes allow for true customization of the effect Covers a huge area and looks great with or without fog Set the color and rotation speeds wirelessly with the included wireless remote control Motor spins in both directions and at variable speeds to create many different looks Includes 2 different mounting options to fit the style and mood of any event or party Awesome sound-activated and automated programs dance to the beat of the music or run by them selves Complies with FDA / CDRH standards for Class 3R Specifications: Light source: 532nm/50mW green laser diode, 650nm/100mW red laser diode Coverage angle: 100° Power and current: 120V, 60Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A Power and current: 230V, 50Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A inrush AC power: 12VDC 500mA (external power supply: 100-240VAC 50/60Hz) Weight: 0.7lbs (0.3kg) Size: 4.3 x 3.3 x 1.8in (111 x 85 x 45mm) Get Your Chauvet MiN Laser FX Today!
Chauvet Min Laser RGX Features: Extremely compact laser effect that projects thousands of multi-colored beams into the air and all over the ceiling and walls Independent control of the red and green laser diodes allow for true customization of the effect Covers a huge area and looks great with or without fog Set the color and rotation speeds wirelessly with the included wireless remote control Motor spins in both directions and at variable speeds to create an ever-changing star field Includes 2 different mounting options to fit the style and mood of any event or party Awesome sound-activated and automated programs dance to the beat of the music or run by them selves Complies with FDA / CDRH standards for Class 3R Specifications: Light source: 532nm/50mW green laser diode, 650nm/100mW red laser diode Coverage angle: 100° Power and current: 120V, 60Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A inrush Power and current: 230V, 50Hz: 5W, <0.1A operating, <0.1A inrush AC power: 12VDC 500mA (external power supply: 100-240VAC 50/60Hz) Weight: 0.7lbs (0.3kg) Size: 4.3 x 3.3 x 1.8in (111 x 85 x 45mm) Get Your Chauvet Min Laser RGX Today!
This book summarizes a five year research project, as well as subsequent results regarding high power diode laser systems and their application in materials processing. The text explores the entire chain of technology, from the semiconductor technology, through cooling mounting and assembly, beam shaping and system technology, to applications in the processing of such materials as metals and polymers. Includes theoretical models, a range of important parameters and practical tips. Author: Bachmann, Friedrich/ Loosen, Peter/ Poprawe, Reinhart Series Title: Springer Series in Optical Sciences Series Number: 128 Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 560 Publication Date: 2010/11/29 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 1.14 inches
Laser Diode Microsystems provides the reader with the basic knowledge and understanding required for using semiconductor laser diodes in optical microsystems and microoptical electromechanic systems. This tutorial addresses the fundamentals of semiconductor laser operation and design, coupled with an overview of the types of laser diodes suitable for use in Microsystems, along with their distinguishing characteristics. Emphasis is placed on laser diode characterization and measurement as well as the assembly techniques and optical accessories required for incorporation of semiconductor lasers into complex microsystems. Equipped with typical results and calculation examples, this handon text helps readers to develop a feel for how to choose a laser diode, characterize it and incorporate it into a microsystem. Author: Zappe, Hans P./ Zappe, H. Series Title: Microtechnology and Mems (Hardcover) Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 355 Publication Date: 2003/10/10 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.81 inches
American DJ Laser Widow 4.9mW portable, mini red laser. 16 geometric patterns. 3 modes - auto, music, & manual. AC/DC supply voltage.. Features: A new revolution in laser scanner effects! 4.9 mW red laser with 16 pre-set geometric patterns Operates by battery or a UL 115V plug adapter 3 modes of operation: Auto Speed, Sound Active, & Manual control Many images may be created in Manual control This compact, affordable laser is great for mobile DJs, home Karaoke, small clubs, and special effects productions Uses 4 AA batteries (not included); 9V DC power supply included 100% mobile! Low power consumption for applications where power is limited Laser Diode: 4.9mW Dimensions: 7" x 7.5" x 4" Weight: 1.5 lbs. Supply Voltage: AC or DC Diameter beam spread of the Laser Widow: From 5 feet - 15 inches From 10 feet - 30 inches From 15 feet - 45 inches From 20 feet - 60 inches From 25 feet - 75 inches From 30 feet - 90 inches Get Your American DJ Laser Widow Today!
The Chauvet Eclipse LED Laser Effect Light adds an exciting red and green laser star field to a deep blue, high-power LED aura effect. The Eclipse light's independently controllable lasers with fully dimmable LED illumination create an awe-inspiring look that is equally effective with or without fog.Combines LED and laser in one effectSeparate control of laser effect and LED: Laser: rotation direction and speed, separate red and green strobe rates or full on; LED: rotation direction and speed, electronic dimmer (0 - 100%)High-power, 5W (1,000mA) LEDCoverage angle: 120ðLight source (laser): 532nm/30mW green laser diode, 650nm/80mW red laser diodeLight source (LED): 1 deep blue (450nm) LEDWeight: 3.6 lb.Dimensions: 6.4" H x 7.9" W x 9.3" D
The Scatter Star features green laser beams that divide amp; project sound activated patterns on the wall floor or ceiling. Use w/fog or without fog to create a stunning galaxy effect in rotate modelPerfect for small clubs or the entertainer on the go. Compact Green Laser. Laser Diode: 10mW. 3 operational Modes: Sound Active Rotate Sound Active w/full Laser. Beam Angle: 60 Degrees. Create Animated Patterns. 144+ Green Laser Points. Rotate Speed Adjustable Control. Internal Microphone. On / Off Power Switch. Very Low Power Consumption. Operating Voltage: 100240V / 50Hz 60Hz. Current Draw: 9V. Power Consumption: 30W. Unit Dimensions: L x W x H 180 x 100 x 105mm / 7.25 x 4 x 4.25 . Unit Net Weight: .5kgs / 1.25 lbs (Battery not Included)
The Chauvet Eclipse LED Laser Effect Light adds an exciting red and green laser star field to a deep blue, high-power LED aura effect. The Eclipse light's independently controllable lasers with fully dimmable LED illumination create an awe-inspiring look that is equally effective with or without fog.Combines LED and laser in one effectSeparate control of laser effect and LED: Laser: rotation direction and speed, separate red and green strobe rates or full on; LED: rotation direction and speed, electronic dimmer (0 - 100%)High-power, 5W (1,000mA) LEDCoverage angle: 120Light source (laser): 532nm/30mW green laser diode, 650nm/80mW red laser diodeLight source (LED): 1 deep blue (450nm) LEDWeight: 3.6 lb.Dimensions: 6.4" H x 7.9" W x 9.3" D
Light emitting diode. Oleg Losev, List of LED failure modes, Organic light emitting diode, Miniature light emitting diode, Solid state lighting, LED lamp, LED power sources, Electrical polarity of LEDs, LED circuit, LED as light sensor Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 74 Publication Date: 2009/10/08 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.17 inches
The Scatter Star from Eliminator Lighting features compact green laser beams that divide and project sound-activated patterns onto the wall, floor, or ceiling. Use it with fog or without fog to create a stunning galaxy effect in rotate mode. With over 144 green laser points, you can create animated patterns in three operational modes: sound active, rotate, and sound active with full laser. Eliminator Lighting's Scatter Star also features an adjustable control for the rotate speed, an internal microphone, and very low power consumption. This green laser light is perfect for small clubs or the entertainer on-the-go.Compact green laserlightLaser diode: 10mW3 operational modes: sound active, rotate, and sound active with full laserBeam angle: 60ðCreate animated patterns144+ green laser pointsRotate speed adjustable controlInternal microphoneOn/off power switchVery low power consumptionOperating voltage: 100~240V / 50Hz ~ 60HzCurrent draw: 9VPower consumption: 30WUnit dimensions: 7-1/4" H x 4" W x 4-1/4" DNet weight: 1-1/4 lb.Battery not included
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Brian Looks At The X4RG Aurora Grande By X-Laser
Laser Cutting: The Fundamentals
When we imagine lasers, we may conjure up something seen in the movies. Lasers, however, are a part of our everyday world, making cutting and processing objects much simpler in industry. In laser material processing, a laser will make contact with a target and alterations to that object will happen, such as through the soaking up of photons, which are particles of light given off from the laser. These particles will be changed into heat energy.
How Lasers Actually Work
Lasers are the instruments that control how highly stimulated atoms emit photons to create a stream of light. There are only three things that can happen when a laser connects with a material. The laser light stream will either be reflected, sent, or it will be absorbed into the object. Sometimes two or three of these occurrences, such as transmission and absorption, may occur simultaneously. The beam will be one wavelength and one color as well as compact and concentrated, not like beams of light normally found in everyday life. If the majority of the beam is absorbed into an object, which is commonly the case in laser material processing, the main traits that have to be taken into account are the average power the laser light has, its intensity on the subject it hits, and its wavelength. Intensity on a basic level is the brightness of the laser beam. The wavelength is the series of waves the photons create. Think of a moving water wave, the particles of light are fluctuating in the same type of wave. The average strength of a laser beam is measured in watts (W). Lasers all contain an active medium that takes in energy. The medium can be made of either a solid crystal-like material, liquid, gas (such as in a CO2 laser), or a diode, and contains the atoms absorbing the energy. A laser also has to have a way to make the atoms become excited. This could be a light source, for example.
The optical resonator is a set of mirrors that are found inside the laser system. One of the functions of a laser is to pump up the atoms to get them in an excited state. This is done by pumping up what is referred to as a lasing medium inside the laser. At each extreme of the lasing medium is a mirror. light particles reflect off of both of the mirrors and energize other electrons to discharge even more photons. The mirror at one extreme lets some light escape, which is the laser beam. Getting the atoms excited takes getting their corresponding electrons at a advanced level of energy. The excited electrons that first absorbed energy to get excited can now emit energy as light energy, or a flow of photons.
Classifications
Lasers are rated according to the traits of average power, wavelength, and intensity. This implies they are either solid-state, liquid, gas, or semi conductor lasers. Solid-state are lasers with substance that is optically clear and the active medium is solid. Liquid, or dye lasers have a environment that is liquid and they can operate with pulsing or continuous wavelengths. Gaseous lasers have an environment of gas. Examples of gas lasers are carbon dioxide lasers and neon signs found in shop displays. And the fourth category is semi conductor or diode lasers that are the most common type of laser.
Laser Cutting
Using CO2 lasers as an illustration, carbon dioxide atoms in gaseous form become energized at a low pressure between two mirrors. One of the two reflective mirrors lets some of the beam leak through. They produce a large amount of heat. The light output is found in the infrared spectrum at the end. Having a beam of high quality is paramount, especially in cutting. Lasers cut via the beam of light produced by the laser. The beam starts by melting what is in its path or sometimes vaporizing the material. Slicing happens when the beam has cut through the subject. There are different types of lasers designed to slice various types of materials. CO2 lasers have high capacities for absorption, and are often used in the cutting of a plethora of materials such as metals, plastics, and wood. CO2 lasers have other materials in them besides carbon dioxide; they have a mixture of gases including helium (He) and nitrogen (N2). Nitrogen will slice up to ½ inch thick stainless steel in addition to aluminum. Oxygen is able to slice carbon steel. Laser cutting pros include no ill effects on machines, are faster than using other options for cutting, and can cut through thicker materials.
Lasers have applications from communications in data storage to the medical field. They have revolutionized surgery and cutting in industry. It is exciting to see what is in store for cutting applications with lasers in the future.
About the Author
Marc Anderes is the Vice President of Operations of Maloya Laser which specializes in Metal Manufacturing and Laser Cutting with advanced laser technologies, servicing aerospace, scientific, transportation, medical and machinery needs.
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